The Five Robots—A Taxonomy for Roboethics

Biology · Engineering ethics · Human–computer interaction · Robot · Robotics · Sociology · Computer Science · Engineering · Ethics and Social Impacts of AI · Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations · Psychology · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment · Artificial Intelligence · Ecology

• People are averse to machines making moral decisions

  Open Access•Yochanan E Bigman, Yochanan Bigman et al.•Cognition•2018

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• Robo Ludens

  Open Access•John Edison Muñoz, Kerstin Dautenhahn•ACM Transactions on Human-Robot…•2021

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• Social Roles and Baseline Proxemic Preferences for a Domestic Service Robot

  Open Access•Kheng Lee Koay, Dag Sverre Syrdal et al.•International Journal of Social…•2014

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• Humanoid Robots as Teachers and a Proposed Code of Practice

  Open Access•Douglas P Newton, Lynn D Newton•Frontiers in Education•2019

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• Why Do Robots Need a Head? The Role of Social Interfaces on Service Robots

  Open Access•Conor McGinn•International Journal of Social…•2019

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• Disengagement with ethics in robotics as a tacit form of dehumanisation

  Open Access•Karolina Zawieska•AI & Society•2020

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• Working with robots makes service employees counterproductive? The role of moral disengagement and task interdependence

  Open Access•Ling Tan, Jia Li•Tourism Management•2025

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• An ethical framework for human-robot collaboration for the future people-centric manufacturing

  Open Access•Tiziana C Callari, Riccardo Vecellio Segate et al.•Technology in Society•2024

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• Scientific and Philosophical Perspectives in Neuroethics

  Open Access•James J Giordano, Bert Gordijn•Scientific and Philosophical…•2010

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• Philosophy and Design

  Open Access•Peter Kroes, Pieter E Vermaas et al.•Philosophy and design•2008

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• Moral Machines

  Wendell Wallach, Colin Allen•Moral machines•2009

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• Designing Sociable Robots

  Cynthia Breazeal•Designing Sociable Robots•2002

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• Metaphors We Live By

  George Lakoff, Mark Johnson et al.•Metaphors we live by•2003

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• Socially Assistive Robotics

  Open Access•David Feil-Seifer, Maja Matarić et al.•IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine•2011

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• The emotional basis of moral judgments

  Jesse Prinz•Philosophical Explorations•2006

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• Real Patterns

  Daniel C Dennett•The Journal of Philosophy•1991

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• The Nature, Importance, and Difficulty of Machine Ethics

  Open Access•James H Moor•IEEE Intelligent Systems•2006

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• On the Morality of Artificial Agents

  Open Access•Luciano Floridi, J W Sanders•Minds and Machines•2004

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• The crying shame of robot nannies

  Noel Sharkey, Amanda Sharkey•Interaction Studies. Social…•2010

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• An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment

  Open Access•Jerome D Greene, Joshua D Greene et al.•Science•2001

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• Ethical regulations on robotics in Europe

  Open Access•Michael Nagenborg, Rafael Capurro et al.•AI & Society•2007

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• Personal Robots, Appearance, and Human Good

  Open Access•Mark Coeckelbergh•International Journal of Social…•2009

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• The social impact of intelligent artefacts

  Open Access•Richard S Rosenberg•AI & Society•2008

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• Controlling technology

  Open Access•Norman Balabanian•IEEE Technology and Society…•1994

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• Digital Media Ethics

  Charles E, Charles Ess•Digital Media Ethics•2017

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• Cyberethics

  Open Access•Richard A Spinello, Richard Spinello•Journal of Information Ethics•2005

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• Choices, values, and frames

  Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky•American Psychologist•1984

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• Merleau-Ponty and Epistemology Engines

  Open Access•Don Ihde, Evan Selinger•Human Studies•2004

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• Obstetric Ultrasound and the Technological Mediation of Morality

  Open Access•Peter-Paul Verbeek•Human Studies•2008

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• The Problem of Robot Consciousness

  Dwight Van De Vate•Philosophy and Phenomenological…•1971

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• Toward Acceptable Domestic Robots

  Open Access•James E Young, Richard Hawkins et al.•International Journal of Social…•2008

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• Does the Design of a Robot Influence Its Animacy and Perceived Intelligence

  Open Access•Christoph Bartneck, Takayuki Kanda et al.•International Journal of Social…•2009

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• Technology and the Extension of Human Capabilities

  Open Access•Clive Lawson•Journal for the Theory of Social…•2010

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• Looking Forward to Sociable Robots

  Open Access•Glenda Shaw-Garlock•International Journal of Social…•2009

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• The March of the robot dogs

  Open Access•Robert Sparrow•Ethics and Information Technology•2002

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• An Experimental Study on Emotional Reactions Towards a Robot

  Open Access•Astrid Rosenthal-von der Pütten, Nicole C Krämer et al.•International Journal of Social…•2012

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• The Technological Society

  Jacques Ellul, John Wilkinson•The Technological Society•1964

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• The Ethical Treatment of Artificially Conscious Robots

  Open Access•Daniel C Levy•International Journal of Social…•2009

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• Autonomous Technology

  Stanley R Carpenter, Langdon Winner•Technology and Culture•1978

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• Do Machines Make History

  Robert L Heilbroner•Technology and Culture•1967

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