Modifiable Determinants of Psychological Harms among Male Image and Performance Enhancing Drug Consumers

Dados Bibliográficos

ID21645397
AutoresEtienne Grobler (0000-0002-1800-3803, The University of Queensland), Cheneal Puljevic (0000-0002-3658-9772, The University of Queensland), Benjamin Bonenti (0009-0009-8759-2101, Griffith University), Jason Ferris (0000-0001-7474-0173, The University of Queensland), Monica J Barratt (0000-0002-1015-9379, Social Equity Research Centre and Digital Ethnography Research Centre, RMIT University), Monica Barratt (UNSW Sydney), Adam Winstock (0000-0001-7854-8015, University College), Timothy Piatkowski (0000-0002-6177-0266, The University of Queensland, autor correspondente)
Ano2026
Páginas1-11
Data de publicação2026-05-23
Peer ReviewedSim
Open AccessSim
TipoARTICLE
PeriódicoSubstance Use & Misuse (JOURNAL)
Identificadores do periódicoISSN: 1082-6084 • E-ISSN: 1532-2491
EditoraInforma UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1080/10826084.2026.2675983
PMID42175830
OpenAlexW7162194827
IdiomaEN
Referências citadas63

BACKGROUND: Image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) are linked to undesirable psychological effects (e.g., depression), influenced by various factors. This study examined associations between non-modifiable (e.g. age) and modifiable (e.g. prescription status, dosage regimen, polypharmacy load) factors and psychological effects among male IPED consumers. METHODS: Data from 785 males (median age = 30) reporting past-year IPED consumption in the 2024 Global Drug Survey were analyzed. Chi-squared tests assessed associations between modifiable and non-modifiable factors with psychological effects, followed by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: = 0.001). Prescription status showed no significant association with psychological effects. CONCLUSION: Psychological effects reflect age, dosing, and polypharmacy patterns, highlighting the need for tailored harm reduction

Drug · Drug usage · MEDLINE · Psychological intervention · Substance use · Consumer Perception and Purchasing Behavior · Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion · Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior