Gray–Green Spatial Structure and Nonlinear Threshold Effects on Street Crime

A CatBoost-Based Analysis of Day–Night Patterns in Shanghai

Dados Bibliográficos

ID22032119
AutoresXuefei Gu (0009-0007-7135-0090, Yeungnam University), Jieun Seo (0000-0002-0490-6059, Yeungnam University, autor correspondente)
Ano2026
Volume15
Fascículo4
Páginas156
Data de publicação2026-04-03
Peer ReviewedSim
Open AccessSim
TipoARTICLE
PeriódicoISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (JOURNAL)
Identificadores do periódicoISSN: 2220-9964 • E-ISSN: 2220-9964
EditoraMDPI AG (PUBLISHER • IT)
DOI10.3390/ijgi15040156
OpenAlexW7150238608
IdiomaEN
Referências citadas54

Under rapid urbanization, street crime poses growing challenges to urban safety. Existing studies often treat gray and green spaces as independent variables, limiting the understanding of nonlinear crime patterns and spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Using day–night street crime data from Shanghai between 2010 and 2020, this study applies an interpretable machine learning framework combining CatBoost and SHAP to examine how the coupling of gray–green spatial structures influences street crime. Gray–green spatial morphology is quantified using both MSPA- and Fragstats-based indicators, which are integrated into composite coupling indices. The results indicate that gray–green structural coupling exhibits significant nonlinear and threshold-dependent effects on street crime. Compared with conventional Fragstats metrics, MSPA-based structural indicators demonstrate stronger explanatory power. Theft-specific analysis further indicates that gray-space core–edge structures exhibit higher crime risk at night, with this effect becoming more pronounced in the later period. Across both study periods and day–night contexts, green branch areas (G_BRANCH) consistently show stable inhibitory effects, with the strongest suppression occurring when G_BRANCH values range between 0 and 1.6 and interact with gray core–edge structures (B_CORE and B_EDGE). These findings provide quantitative evidence that gray–green spatial structures function through coupled, nonlinear interactions and offer targeted spatial planning implications for crime prevention in high-density cities

Limiting · Nonlinear system · Spatial ecology · Crime Patterns and Interventions · Urban Green Space and Health · Urban Transport and Accessibility