Retrofitting Norwegian residential buildings

An archetype-based dynamic stock model

Dados Bibliográficos

ID22222774
AutoresLola S A Rousseau (0000-0003-2829-5376, Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Sara Amini (0009-0003-4107-1024, Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Şahin Akın (0000-0003-3926-3476, Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Edgar G Hertwich (0000-0002-4934-3421, Norwegian University of Science and Technology)
Ano2026
Volume7
Fascículo1
Páginas757-774
Data de publicação2026-06-23
Open AccessSim
TipoARTICLE
PeriódicoBuildings and Cities (JOURNAL)
Identificadores do periódicoISSN: 2632-6655 • E-ISSN: 2632-6655
EditoraUbiquity Press, Ltd. (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.5334/bc.785
OpenAlexW7165631699
IdiomaEN
Referências citadas19

The retrofit of buildings is essential to reduce their energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, the resource use and energy performance of various retrofit options for Norway’s residential buildings up to 2050 were quantified. A comprehensive analysis of the stock, encompassing all municipalities and using an archetype-based dynamic stock model, was developed. It was estimated that about 80% of Norway’s buildings existing in 2023 will still be standing in 2050. If half of these buildings undertake a full retrofit of windows, roof and external walls and adoption of heat pumps, up to 101 TWh of energy and 13 MtCO2-eq could be saved, which includes the GHG emissions expended from material production used for these retrofits. However, achieving such retrofit rates will require strong incentives, which would require tackling current economic challenges and energy policy debates. POLICY RELEVANCE Residential buildings have a long lifetime: around 80% of residential buildings existing in 2023 in Norway might still be standing in 2050. Many older buildings are highly energy inefficient and retrofitting these buildings is a necessity to reduce their energy consumption. This study demonstrates that in every Norwegian municipality a significant potential exists for energy savings and GHG emission reduction through retrofit and adoption of heat pumps, even when accounting for material production. Although the Norwegian electricity production system is highly decarbonised, it has a limited capacity. Reducing the electricity consumption of Norwegian residential buildings would therefore facilitate the electrification of fossil fuel-dependent sectors and contribute to a greater extent to climate change mitigation

Efficient energy use · Electricity · Electrification · Energy consumption · Greenhouse gas · Norwegian · Renewable energy · Retrofitting · Building Energy and Comfort Optimization · Energy Efficiency and Management · Environmental Impact and Sustainability