Paleoclimatology

The Earth's climate has constantly evolved and changed throughout its 4.8 billion‐year history. During most of the Earth's history, climate has been characterized as hyperthermal, punctuated by cool periods during the Neoproterozoic, late Ordovician, early Permian, late Jurassic, and from the early Eocene to the present. These broad changes in climate occurred in response to a number of internal and external‐forcing mechanisms, including changes in solar output, changes in Earth's orbital geometry, meteor impacts, orogenesis and tectonic processes, and the variable concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Paleoclimatology is the science that studies these changes in climate throughout the entire history of Earth. The relevancy of paleoclimatology has grown in recent decades in response to anthropogenic climate change and the need to understand natural climate variability.

Climate change · Climate model · Climatology · Earth science · Forcing (mathematics) · Geography · Orbital forcing · Paleoclimatology · Permian · Physical geography · Geology · Geology and Paleoclimatology Research · Oceanography · Paleontology · Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology

• Paleoenvironmental changes in a lower Rio Negro floodplain lake (Anavilhanas Archipelago, Brazil) during the past 4550 years

  Open Access•Renato Campello Cordeiro, Caroline Rocha Maia et al.•The Holocene•2025

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• Irregular glacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice core

  Open Access•Sara Johnsen, S J Johnsen et al.•Nature•1992

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• A Pliocene‐Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ 18 O records

  Open Access•L E Lisiecki, Maureen E Raymo•Paleoceanography•2005

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• Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages

  Open Access•James D Hays, John Imbrie et al.•Science•1976

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• Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years

  Open Access•Alfons Berger, Marie‐France Loutre et al.•Quaternary Science Reviews•1991

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• Climate instability during the last interglacial period recorded in the GRIP ice core

  Open Access•Greenland Ice-core Project Members•Nature•1993

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• Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core

  Open Access•EPICA community members•Nature•2004

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