Madison's Opponents and Constitutional Design

Understanding what James Madison's opponents sought and won at the U.S. Constitutional Convention revises our understanding of the founders' original intentions for the durable framework that has structured American political development. The Constitution is the by-product of expedient accommodations forced on Madison. Madison sought broad national authority independent of state governments and a swift victory for population-based congressional representation. Delegates from economically disadvantaged states opposed these plans, seeking instead to nationalize only selective public goods, to maintain most state policy autonomy, and to minimize contingencies imposed by other governments. Connecticut's delegates, particularly Roger Sherman, played a pivotal role in spoiling Madison's agenda and altering his substantive plans for Constitutional design. Madison's Convention opponents are responsible for a Constitution that nationalized only enumerated public goods and imposed potentially high transaction costs on any further nationalization of policy authority. They helped make federalism a lasting political weapon used to win substantive policy outcomes

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• Ideology and Participation

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• From Conservation to Environment

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• Philadelphia reconsidered

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• Taking the Measure of Madison

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• Should We Venerate That Which We Cannot Love? James Madison on Constitutional Imperfection

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• Converting Threats into Opportunities

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• The New Unitary Executive and Democratic Theory

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• Roger Sherman

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• The Strategy of Rhetoric

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• James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic

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• The Constitution in Congress

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• Between Authority and Liberty

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• John Dickinson at the Federal Constitutional Convention

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• Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics

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• If Men Were Angels

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• Redeeming the Republic

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• The Negative on State Laws

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• We the People

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• Capital, Labor, and State

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• Original Meanings

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• Constitution Making

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