When Does Lethal Repression Fail? Unarmed Militancy and Backfire in Bolivia, 1982-2021

Dados Bibliográficos

ID3225839
AutoresCarwil Bjork‐jame (0000-0002-4977-0458, Vanderbilt University, autor correspondente)
Ano2024
Volume56
Fascículo1
Páginas1-36
Data de publicação2024-02-01
Peer ReviewedSim
Open AccessSim
TipoARTICLE
PeriódicoJournal of Latin American Studies (JOURNAL)
Identificadores do periódicoISSN: 0022-216X • E-ISSN: 1469-767X
EditoraCambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1017/s0022216x24000208
OpenAlexW4393942390
IdiomaEN
Citações recebidas1
Referências citadas21

Repressive state violence, intended to tamp down collective mobilisation, sometimes inspires greater participation by protesters. When popular and/or elite reactions cause the repressing party to concede, civil resistance scholars define the failure of state repression as 'backfire'. Some have proposed that movements' nonviolent discipline is essential to backfire. This article demonstrates that movements that practise 'unarmed militancy' - forceful, combative tactics less damaging than armed violence - can also succeed through backfire, achieving policy concessions and even presidential resignations, and presents a qualitative comparative analysis of the outcomes of 48 protest events with multiple deaths in Bolivia between 1982 and 2019, and a case-based analysis of how either movements or repressors prevailed. Movements that confronted deadly repression succeeded in 57-8 per cent of cases. Whether or not protesters engaged in lethal defensive violence did not affect their likelihood of success. However, state repression of guerrillas and paramilitary groups, and during polarised partisan conflicts, was consistently successful. Current understandings of backfire need to be reconsidered in light of successful unarmed militant protest in Bolivia and numerous other locations worldwide

Biology · Criminology · Law and economics · Political economy · Political science · Psychological repression · Sociology · Genetics · Law · Peacebuilding and International Security · Political and Social Dynamics in Chile and Latin America · Political Conflict and Governance