Great Britain and southern Morocco in the nineteenth century

In the latter part of the nineteenth century, British policy was directed towards the protection of Morocco's political integrity and toward maintaining a system of global free trade and freedom of the seas. The policy was only ended as a result of the Entente Cordiale in 1904. With respect to southern Morocco and the Western Sahara region, British merchants, such as Donald Mackenzie, were able to breach the monopoly on trade established by the Sultanate although, in the end, the Sultanate was able to reestablish its claim to sovereignty. This, however, proved to be the precursor to a far more effective Spanish and French occupation which presaged the complete colonial subjugation of the region

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• Resistance in the Desert

  Kenneth J Perkins, Ross E Dunn•ASA Review of Books•1979

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• Morocco's Saharan Frontiers

  Richard M Brace, Frank E Trout•The American Historical Review•1970

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• North African and Western Sudan Trade in the Nineteenth Century

  Open Access•C W Newbury, Colin Newbury•The Journal of African History•1966

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• Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara

  René Pélissier, Anthony G Pazzanita et al.•The International Journal of…•1996

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• Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara

  Gifford B Doxsee, Tony Hodges•The International Journal of…•1983

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