Cooperation or Intervention

Confronted with the enigma of revolutionary Russia, Imperial Germany vacillated between a policy of official cooperation and one of counterrevolutionary intervention after the treaty of Brest-Litovsk. In search of the reasons for this ambivalence, Western scholars have explored the ironies of the "unholy alliance" between Kaiser and commissar. Somewhat embarrassed for owing their survival to German autocracy, Soviet writers have praised Lenin's cleverness in exploiting the contradictions within the imperialist camp. In West Germany, after decades of complacent anticommunism, Fritz Fischer in hisGriff nach der Weltmachthas charged that rapacious Wilhelmian war aims "found their logical fulfillment in Brest-Litovsk and its supplementary treaties

Alliance · Ambivalence · Autocracy · Democracy · Economic history · German · Intervention (counseling · Political science · Politics · Psychoanalysis · Treaty · History · Law · Psychology

• German-Soviet Relations between the Two World Wars, 1919-1939

  Gordon A Craig, Edward Hallett Carr•The American Historical Review•1952

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• Griff nach der Weltmacht 1890–1914

  Gregor Schöllgen•Deutsche Außenpolitik•2013

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• Lenin

  J Leo Cefkin, Stefan T Possony•The Western Political Quarterly•1965

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• Karl Moor—German agent and friend of Lenin

  Open Access•Heinz Schurer•Journal of Contemporary History•1970

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• Lenin

  Stefan T Possony•International Affairs•1966

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• Russia and the Weimar Republic

  E Rosenbaum, Lionel Kochan•International Affairs•1954

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• German-Soviet Relations between the Two World Wars, 1919–39

  P A Reynolds•International Affairs•1952

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• Zwischen Berlin und Moskau. Zur Geschichte der deutsch-sowjetischen Beziehungen

  E H Carr•International Affairs•1955

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• The Assassination of Count Mirbach

  Alfred Erich Senn, Harold J Goldberg•Canadian Slavonic Papers•1979

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• Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 1914-1918

  John Bigelow, Erich Ludendorff et al.•The American Historical Review•1920

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• The 1914 Debate Continues. Fritz Fischer and His Critics

  James Joll•Past & Present•1966

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