Indians in Town and Country

Most students of California Indians in the 1850s have dwelled on the violence that native people endured at the hands of whites.' Tribes that were directly in the path of the Gold Rush were most severely affected because miners forced Indians off of valuable mineral and farm lands and commonly killed those who resisted. Even the most docile natives became victims of infectious diseases; tens of thousands of Indians did not survive the decade.* The minority who survived often relied on seasonal labor for white ranchers who seldom had compunctions about exploiting Indian workers. Nevertheless, a few native people were able to exert a measure of control in this new world and became fixtures of daily life in California's mining and agricultural settlements. Thus California Indians became an impoverished racial minority living on the margins of white society

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