Individual Differences in Response To the Struggle for the Liberation of People of African Descent

In the personality literature, a variety of perspectives exist on the psychology of people of African descent. Early psychological thought and research in this area was embedded in a reactive and restricted mode. Specifically, the research focus was on the debilitating effects of racism, discrimination, and prejudice on the psychological makeup of African Americans (Mosby, 1972; Pettigrew, 1964; Morland, 1978). While, on another level, other investigators (Parker and Kleiner, 1966; Mischel, 1961) assumed or accepted that Black people's personality, motivational, and behavioral deficits represented the effects of their proximal cultural environment. The post civil rights period spawned the emergence of a somewhat different reactive approach to psychological inquiry. In this era, analysts have been examining the movement's effects on the psychology of Blacks. Here, the emphasis has been on looking at the development of racial awareness, racial identity, and racial pride in African Americans (Cross, 1971; Thomas, 1971; Toldson and Pasteur, 1975; Dansby, 1980). In the early 1970s, several social and behavioral scientists (White, 1970; Akbar, 1973; Baldwin, 1976; Nobles, 1976, among others), argued that traditional psychology was responsible for establishing the assumption of Black inferiority, but failed to pro

Aesthetics · African descent · Identity (music · Personality · Personality psychology · Political science · Prejudice (legal term · Pride · Racism · Sociology · White (mutation · Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology · Anthropology · Gender Studies · Law · Psychology · Social Psychology

• An Empirically Supported Reconceptualization of African-U.S. Racial Identity Development as an Abnormal Process

  Open Access•Daudi Ajani Ya Azibo, Jeanene Robinson•Review of General Psychology•2004

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• Nepenthe Theory of Defense Mechanism Functioning and Defensive Behavior in African-U.S. People With Replication and Extension to Psychological Africanity (Racial Identity)

  Daudi Ajani Ya Azibo•Journal of Human Behavior in the…•2015

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• What If Race Was For Real For Real Real? How I Would Teach It

  Open Access•Daudi Ajani Ya Azibo•Journal of African American Studies•2023

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• Culture and Social Outcomes among Inner-City African American Children

  Open Access•Robert J Jagers, Lynne Owens Mock•Journal of Black Psychology•1993

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• Frantz Fanon and the Psychology of Oppression

  Open Access•Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan•Frantz Fanon and the Psychology…•1985

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• Black Skin, White Masks

  Frantz Fanon•Social Theory Re-Wired•2023

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• The Colonizer and the Colonized

  Lillian Jorunn Helle•Borders of Europe•2018

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• The Wretched of the Earth

  Open Access•Frantz Fanon•Posthumanism•2000

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• African Self-Consciousness and the Mental Health of African-Americans

  Open Access•Joseph A Baldwin•Journal of Black Studies•1984

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• Racial Recognition by Nursery School Children in Lynchburg, Virginia

  J Kenneth Morland•Social Forces•1958

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• I Write What I Like

  Steve Biko, C R Aelred Stubbs•Ufahamu A Journal of African…•1981

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• Developmental Stages of Black Self-Discovery

  Ivory L Toldson, Alfred B Pasteur•The Journal of Negro Education•1975

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• Effects of systematic social and token reinforcement on the modification of racial and color concept attitudes in black and in white preschool children

  Margaret Beale Spencer, Frances D Horowitz•Developmental Psychology•1973

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• African Religions and Philosophies

  J Deotis Roberts, John Mbiti et al.•Philosophy East and West•1972

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• Readings in Social Psychology

  Ernest Greenwood, Theodore M Newcomb et al.•American Sociological Review•1948

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• Research Directions of Black Psychologists

  Antoine M Garibaldi, A Wade Boykin et al.•The Journal of Negro Education•1981

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• Preference for delayed reinforcement and social responsibility

  Walter Mischel•Journal of Abnormal & Social…•1961

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• Characteristics of Negro Mothers in Single-Headed Households

  Seymour Parker, Robert J Kleiner•Journal of Marriage and the Family•1966

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• Extended Self

  Open Access•Wade W Nobles•Journal of Black Psychology•1976

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