An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility

Bibliographic Data

ID10180003
AuthorsGary S Becker, Nigel Tomes
Year1979
Volume87
Issue6
Pages1153-1189
Publication date1979-12-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Political Economy (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0022-3808 • E-ISSN: 1537-534X
PublisherUniversity of Chicago Press (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1086/260831
OpenAlexW2022256544
LanguageEN
Citations received486
References cited11

The theory of inequality and intergenerational mobility presented in this essay assumes that each family maximizes a utility function spanning several generations. Utility depends on the consumption of parents and on the quantity and quality of their children. The income of children is raised when they receive more human and nonhuman capital from their parents. Their income is also raised by their "endowment" of genetically determined race, ability, and other characteristics, family reputation and "connections," and knowledge, skills, and goals provided by their family environment. The fortunes of children are linked to their parents not only through investments but also through these endowments acquired from parents (and other family members). The equilibrium income of children is determined by their market and endowed luck, the own income and endowment of parents, and the two parameters, the degree of inheritability and the propensity to invest in children. If these parameters are both less than unity, the distribution of income between families approaches a stationary distribution. The stationary coefficient of variation is greater, the larger the degree of in-heritability and the smaller the propensity to invest in children. Intergenerational mobility measures the effect of a family on the well-being of its children. We show that the family is more important when the degree of inheritability and the propensity to invest are larger. If both these parameters are less than unity, an increase in family income in one generation has negligible effects on the incomes of much later descendants. However, the incomes of children, grandchildren, and other early descendants could significantly increase; indeed, if the sum of these parameters exceeds unity, the changes in income rise for several generations before falling, and the maximum increase in income could exceed the initial increase

Consumption (sociology · Demographic economics · Distribution (mathematics · Economic growth · Economics · Endowment · Family income · Human capital · Income distribution · Inequality · Labour economics · Luck · Microeconomics · Social mobility · Sociology · Income, Poverty, and Inequality · Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies · Labor market dynamics and wage inequality

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