Asian American Frontiers

For Asian Americans the U.S. western did not vanish in the I890 census but continued well into the twentieth century as the United States expanded its western physical borders across the Pacific to Hawaii, Guam, the Philippines, and American Samoa and as it developed on several nonphysical frontiers. Certainly this frontier was not, as Frederick Jackson Turner claimed, an unsettled, unexplored, or undeveloped land since people were already settled there before the U.S. presence. But it was a frontier border between Asia and the United States where the peoples, politics, and economies of these countries met and mixed and where global immigrations met domestic migrations. It was a of race relations with savage laws that restricted the lives and opportunities of people of color. It certainly was a of racially motivated physical violence characterized most prevalently by beatings, murders, massacres, and lynchings. It was a in the struggles for civil rights and human rights. The presence and resistance of people of color to oppression on the socalled western frontiers of the United States refutes Turner's ideas of who is the

Asian American and Pacific Histories · History

• Status Aspirations and Gender Awareness of Women Undergraduates in Guam

  Yukiko Inoue•Asian Journal of Women s Studies•1999

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