Lives on the Line

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, CIA World Factbook, last updated June 10, 2013, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_pk.html. 2. “India-Kashmir,” Ploughshares, March 2012, http://ploughshares.ca/pl_armedconflict/india-kashmir-1947-first-combat-deaths/. 3. See competing claims in, for example, “Pak crosses LoC, beheads one jawan, slits another's throat,” The Hindustan Times, January 8, 2013, http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Jammu%20Sec/Pak-crosses-LoC-beheads-one-jawan-slits-another-s-throat/Article1-986762.aspx; “Pakistan accuses India of 12 Kashmir beheadings since 1998: report,” The Dawn, January 30, 2103. http://dawn.com/2013/01/30/pakistan-accuses-india-of-12-kashmir-beheadings-report/. 4. Sumit Ganguly, Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001). 5. In recent years, a controversy has emerged over the borders of Kashmir at the time of partition. For an excellent distillation of competing arguments and a summary judgment see Shereen Ilahi, “The Radcliffe Award and the Fate of Kashmir,” India Review 2, no. 1 (2003). 6. For details see Sumit Ganguly, The Crisis in Kashmir: Portents of War, Hopes of Peace (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997). 7. On this subject see Andrew Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2007). 8. For an account of its origins and evolution, see Steve Coll, “The Back Channel,” The New Yorker, March 2, 2009. 9. Choudhary Rahmat Ali, Now or Never: Are We to Live or Perish Forever? (Cambridge: The Pakistan National Movement, 1933), pg 2, http://www.chaudhryrahmatali.com/now%20or%20never/index.htm. 10. The best statement on this issue remains Raonaq (also spelled Rounaq) Jahan, Pakistan: Failure in National Integration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972); also see Hasan Zaheer, The Separation of East Pakistan: The Rise and Realization of Bengali Muslim Nationalism (Oxford University Press, 1997). 11. Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose, War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991). 12. Randeep Singh Nandal, “State data refutes claim of 1 lakh killed in Kashmir,” The Times of India, June 20, 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-20/india/29679480_1_militants-security-forces-sopore. 13. See for example Anita D. Raman, “Of Rivers and Human Rights: The Northern Areas, Pakistan's Forgotten Colony in Jammu and Kashmir,” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 11, no. 1 (2004): pp. 187–228. 14. Justice (Ret.) Syed Manzoor Hussain Gilani. “Proposed Constitutional Amendments in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973, for Empowerment of Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan,” PILDAT Discussion Paper (Islamabad: PILDAT, May 2011): p. 9, http://www.pildat.org/publications/publication/constitution/ProposedConstitutionalAmendments-AJK-GB-DiscussionPaperMay2011.pdf. 15. Human Rights Watch, “With Friends Like These: Human Rights Violations in Azad Kashmir,” September 2006, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/09/20/friends-these. See also its companion peace on the situation of human rights in Indian-administered Kashmir: Human Rights Watch, “‘Everyone Lives in Fear:’ Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir,” September 2006, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/09/11/everyone-lives-fear. 16. Razi Syed, “Political stability vital for $5bn new loan from IMF,” The Daily Times, April 10, 2013. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2013\04\10\story_10-4-2013_pg5_8. 17. Manjeet S. Pardesi, “The Battle for the Soul of Pakistan at Islamabad's Red Mosque,” in C. Christine Fair and Sumit Ganguly Eds. Treading on Hallowed Ground: Counterinsurgency on Sacred Spaces (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008): pp. 88–116. 18. See discussion in Aparna Pande, Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy (New York: Routledge, 2011): 114-135; Bill Roggio, “UN declares Jamaat-ud-Dawa a terrorist front group,” Long War Journal, December 11, 2008. http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2008/12/un_declares_jamaatud.php. Additional informationNotes on contributorsC. Christine FairC. Christine Fair is an assistant professor at Georgetown University, Security Studies Program in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign ServiceSumit GangulySumit Ganguly is a professor of Political Science, holds the Rabindranath Tagore Chair in Indian Cultures and Civilizations, and is the Director of the Center on American and Global Security at Indiana University, Bloomington

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• Five Dangerous Myths about Pakistan

  Carol Christine Fair, Šumit Ganguly•The Washington Quarterly•2015

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