A greater honour and burden’

This article examines the tensions faced by Matthew of Albano (c.1085–1135) and his biographer Peter the Venerable. Matthew, a staunch defender of the Cluniac way of life, had to navigate conflicting identities as cardinal and monk amid a changing political and ideological scene. Peter the Venerable's De miraculis, drawing upon themes from earlier hagiography, portrays Matthew as the ideal monk-bishop and Cluniac. This article discusses the manner in which Peter's life of Matthew served to defend the relevance of Cluny and its continued participation in curial affairs in the context of the Cluniac schism and shifting papal politics. It also discusses Matthew's struggles as evidenced in other sources, including his own writing and documents relating to his activities as a legate. His interventions show his personal struggles with balancing a life of contemplation and action as well as the interests of both Cluny and the pope. Keywords: Matthew of AlbanoPeter the VenerableClunymonasticismmonk-bishopscardinals Acknowledgements I wish to thank Tracey-Anne Cooper, Kate Cushing and Alice Chapman, as well as John Ott, Giles Constable and the anonymous readers of this article for their helpful feedback. Notes 1 The following abbreviations are used in this article: MGH: Monumenta Germaniae Historica; PL: Patrologiae cursus completus, series Latina. Joachim Mehne, ‘Cluniacenserbischöfe’, Frühmittelalterliche Studien 11 (1977): 263–5. 2 Thomas Head, ‘Postscript: the Ambiguous Bishop’, in The Bishop Reformed: Studies of Episcopal Power and Culture in the Central Middle Ages, ed. John S. Ott and Anna Trumbore Jones (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), 250–64. 3 There are a number of insightful essays into the struggles of monk-bishops in The Bishop Reformed, ed. Ott and Jones. Also see Ryan P. Freeburn, Hugh of Amiens and the Twelfth-Century Renaissance (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011), 85–98. 4 Ursmer Berlière, ‘Le cardinal Matthieu d'Albano (c.1085–1135)’, Revue Bénédictine 18 (1901): 113–40 and 280–303. 5 See, for instance, Adriaan Bredero, ‘Cluny et Cîteaux: les origines de la controverse’, in idem, Cluny et Cîteaux au douzième siècle. L'histoire d'une controverse monastique (Amsterdam: APA-Holland University Press, 1985), 48–9; H.E.J. Cowdrey, ‘Abbot Pontius of Cluny (1109–22/6)’, in Two Studies in Cluniac History. 1049–1126. Studi Gregoriani per la storia della ‘Libertas Ecclesiae’ 11 (Rome: LAS, 1978): 177–298. At times, discussions of him do acknowledge the more complex and ambiguous nature of his actions. See, for instance, Ambrogio M. Piazzoni, Guglielmo di Saint-Thierry. Il declino dell'ideale monastico nel secolo XII. Istituto storico italiano per il medio evo, Studi storici 181–3 (Rome: Istituto Pallazo Borromini, 1988), 101–5. 6 Matthew of Albano, Epistola, ed. S. Ceglar, in Saint-Thierry, une abbaye du VI e au XX e siècle. Actes du colloque international d'histoire monastique. Reims – Saint-Thierry, 11 au 14 octobre 1976, ed. Michel Bur (Saint-Thierry: Association des Amis de l'Abbaye de Saint-Thierry, 1979), 320–33. 7 Much excellent work has been done on these conflicts. See especially Giles Constable, ‘The Interpretation of Mary and Martha’, in idem, Three Studies in Medieval Religious and Social Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 3–141; and regarding a twelfth-century bishop, John S. Ott, ‘“Both Mary and Martha”: Bishop Lietbert of Cambrai and the Construction of Episcopal Sanctity in a Border Diocese Around 1100’, in The Bishop Reformed, ed. Ott and Trumbore, 137–60. 8 Matthew of Albano, Epistola, ed. Celgar. 9 Apart from the six diplomatic letters and confirmations in Matthew of Albano, Epistolae et diplomata, ed. J.-P. Migne. PL 173 (Paris: Garnier Fratres, Editores et J.-P. Migne Successores, 1895), cols. 1261–8, there is also a letter on the usurpation of priories that belonged to Luxeuil in 1128, found in Honorius II, ‘Epistolae’, in Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. M. Bouquet and L. Delisle. 24 vols. (Paris: V. Palmé, 1869–1904), 15: 266–7 (letter 22); a confirmation of the expulsion of the nuns of St-Jean, Laon, and their replacement with monks, found in J.D. Mansi, ed., Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. 31 vols. (Florence, 1759–98), 21: 373–4; and a confirmation of the possession of Argenteuil by St-Denis in 1129, found in J. Doublet, Histoire de S. Denys en France (Paris: chez Michel Soly, 1625), 48. The letter to Guigo was written between 1132 and 1134, probably during Matthew's stay at Cluny: H. Rüthing, ‘Ein Brief des Kardinals Matthäus von Albano an die “Grand Chartreuse”’, Revue Bénédictine 78 (1968): 150–1. 10 Peter the Venerable, De miraculis libri duo, Prologues to Books I and II, ed. Denise Bouthillier. Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Medievalis 83 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1988), 3, 93–4. 11 Hugh of Amiens, Dialogues, ed. J.-P. Migne. PL 192 (Paris: Garnier Fratres, Editores et J.-P. Migne Successores, 1880), cols. 1141–1248. 12 Hugh of Amiens, Dialogues, ed. Migne. PL 192, cols. 1141A–2B, 1227B–30C; see Freeburn, Hugh of Amiens, Ch. 4. 13 Hugh of Amiens, Dialogues, ed. Migne. PL 192, cols. 1141B, 1142A–B; Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 103–4: II.4–5; Ursmer Berlière, ‘Le cardinal’, 114–15. 14 Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 105–12: II.6–8; Berlière, ‘Le cardinal’, 117–18; Katherine Allen Smith, ‘Discipline, Compassion and Monastic Ideals of Community, c.950–1250’, Journal of Medieval History 35 (2009): 326–39. 15 This is at least how Peter portrays the events. Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 115–16: II.11. 16 Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 115–16: II.11. 17 Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 121–4: II.13–14. 18 These include Adriaan Bredero, whose articles supporting his thesis of Pontius as a reformer open to new religious movements are collected in Cluny et Cîteaux au douzième siècle. Other important works include Cowdrey, ‘Abbot Pontius of Cluny (1109–22/6)’, in Two Studies in Cluniac History, 177–298; Pietro Zerbi, ‘Intorno allo scisma di Ponzio, Abate di Cluny (1122–26)’, in idem, Tra Milano e Cluny. Momenti di vita e cultura ecclesiastica nel secolo XII (Rome: Herder, 1978), originally published in Studi storici in onore di Ottorino Bertolini (Pisa: Pacini, 1972), 835–91; Pietro Zerbi, ‘Ancoro intorno a Ponzio e allo “Schisma” Cluniacense. La “svolta” del 1124–25’, in Società, istituzioni, spiritualita. Studi in onore di Cinzio Violante. 2 vols. (Spoleto: Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo, 1994), 2: 1081–91; Mary Stroll, The Jewish Pope. Ideology and Politics in the Papal Schism of 1130. Studies in Intellectual History 8 (Leiden: Brill, 1987), 21–54; and Joachim Wollasch, Cluny ‘Licht der Welt’. Aufstieg und Niedergang der klösterlichen Gemeinschaft (Zurich: Artemis und Winkler, 1996), 198–224. 19 Ludwig Falkenstein, La papauté et les abbayes françaises aux XIe et XIIe siècles. Exemption et protection apostolique (Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion, 1997), 186–90; A. Bredero, ‘Pierre le Vénerable: les commencements de son abbatiat à Cluny (1122–32)’, in idem, Cluny et Cîteaux, 80; Cowdrey, ‘Abbot Pontius’, 218–28. 20 Orderic Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, ed. and trans. Marjorie Chibnall. 6 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969–80), 6: 252–77, XII.21; I.S. Robinson, The Papacy 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 224–5. 21 See Peter the Venerable's defence of exemptions in Peter the Venerable, The Letters of Peter the Venerable, ed. Giles Constable. 2 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 1: 79–81 (letter 28); Falkenstein, La papauté, 204–16; Adriaan Bredero, ‘À propos de l'autorité abbatiale de Pons de Melgueil et de Pierre le Vénérable dans l'ordre de Cluny’, in idem, Cluny et Cîteaux, 101–4; Robinson, Papacy, 223, 231–42; Mary Stroll, Calixtus II (1119–1124): a Pope Born to Rule. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions 116 (Leiden: Brill, 2004), 425–40; Gerd Tellenbach, The Church in Western Europe from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century, trans. Timothy Reuter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 345–6. Some accounts of the Schism of 1130 portray the shift as a decisive one in favour of new religious orders and co-operation with bishops and empire, alienating traditional black monks and Gregorian-style reformers: see Franz-Josef Schmale, Studien zum Schisma des Jahres 1130. Forschungen zur kirchlichen Rechtsgeschichte und zum Kirchenrecht 3 (Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 1961); Hans-Walter Klewitz, ‘Das Ende des Reformpapsttums’, in idem, Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1957), 208–59; Stanley Chodorow, Christian Political Theory and Church Politics in the Mid-Twelfth Century. The Ecclesiology of Gratian's Decretum (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972). Others have seen the divisions as primarily political, with a variety of stances found among supporters of both factions and a largely pragmatic approach by Innocent II and Cardinal Haimeric: Gerd Tellenbach, ‘Der Sturz des Abtes Pontius von Cluny und seine Geschichtliche Bedeutung’, Quellen und Forschungen aus Italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 42–3 (1963): 13–55; Werner Maleczek, ‘Das Kardinalskollegium unter Innocenz II. und Anaklet II.’, Archivium Historiae Pontificiae 19 (1981): 7–78; Stroll, Jewish Pope, passim. While I agree that there do not appear to have been clear-cut ideological divisions in the schism, Innocent II and Chancellor Haimeric ended up as staunch allies of the new religious movements, and I do not think this purely a result of pragmatism on their part. 22 H.E.J. Cowdrey, The Cluniacs and the Gregorian Reform (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), 253–65; Robinson, Papacy, 226, 229–30; especially relevant are canons 4, 17–19 in Mansi, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 21: 277–86. 23 ‘Sed licet invideant, tamen, si oculos habent, aspiciant quia monachi tonsura utuntur clericali. Proprie enim sunt de sorte Domini, et ipsum habent sortem quem relictis omnibus quaerunt singularem. Jure ergo vocarentur clerici, recteque canonici, nisi pro jure arctioris excellentiae dici mererentur monachi. Omnis namque monachus est quidem clericus, sed non convertitur; sicut omnis clericus est Christianus, sed non omnis Christianus est clericus’, Hugh of Amiens, Dialogues, ed. Migne, PL 192, cols. 1218D–19A: VI.4. 24 Hugh of Amiens, Dialogues, ed. Migne, PL 192, cols. 1218D–19A: VI.4. See also Freeburn, Hugh of Amiens, 88–93. 25 Ursmer Berlière, ‘L'exercice du ministère paroissial par les moines dans le haut moyen-âge’, Revue Bénédictine 29 (1927): 227–50; Jacques Winandy, OSB, ‘Les moines et le sacerdoce’, La Vie Spirituelle 80 (1949): 23–36; Philipp Hofmeister, ‘Mönchtum und Seelsorge bis zum 13. Jahrhundert’, Studien und Mitteilungen zur Geschichte des Benediktinerordens und seiner Zweige 65 (1955): 209–73; Jacques Leclercq, ‘Le sacerdoce des moines’, Irénikon 36 (1963): 5–40; Giles Constable, ‘Monastic Possession of Churches and “Spiritualia” in the Age of Reform’, in Religious Life and Thought (11th–12th centuries), ed. Giles Constable (London: Variorum Reprints, 1979), 304–31; Giles Constable, The Reformation of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 93–4, 229. 26 Pietro Zerbi, ‘Cluny e Citeaux. Riflessioni e ipotesi sui rappori fra i due “ordines” durante lo scisma di Ponzio (1122–26)’, in I cistercensi e il Lazio. Atti delle giornate di studio dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Arte dell'Università di Roma. 17–21 Maggio 1977 (Rome: Multigrafica Editrice, 1978), 237–8. 27 Giles Constable, ‘Manuscripts of Works by Peter the Venerable’, in Petrus Venerabilis 1156–1956. Studies and Texts Commemorating the Eighth Century of his Death, ed. Giles Constable and James Kritzeck. Studia Anselmiana 40 (Rome: Herder, 1956), 219–42; see the introduction to Pierre le Vénérable, Livre des merveilles de Dieu, ed. and trans. by Denise Bouthillier and Jean-Pierre Torrell (Freiburg: Éditions Universitaires, 1992), 29–44. Bredero, in ‘Cluny et Cîteaux’, 27–73, sees this as an intervention by Bernard on behalf of Pontius. I agree with Zerbi who argued convincingly that Bernard would not have risked alienating the bishops and pope in this fashion: Jean Leclercq, Adriaan Bredero, and Pietro Zerbi, ‘Encore sur Pons de Cluny et Pierre le Vénérable’, in Bredero, Cluny et Cîteaux, 296. 28 Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthiller, 3, 93–4. 29 Dominique Iogna-Prat, Ordonner et exclure. Cluny et la société chrétienne face à l'hérésie, au judaïsme et à l'islam 1000–1150 (Paris: Aubier, 1998), 106–8, 195–208, 224–6, 233–40. 30 Bredero, ‘Pierre le Vénérable’, 80–6; Stroll, Jewish Pope, 22–7; but also Chodorow, Christian Political Theory, 22–3. 32 ‘Set qui nescientem vocaverat Deus, reditum impedivit, et quia super pauca fidelis fuerat, eum super multa ut expertum dispensatorem promovit. Iniungit ei cum honore nominandus papa Honorius maioris honoris et oneris pastoralem curam, et eum labori suo sotium adhibens, in episcopum Albanum consecrat. Provectus ergo ad sublimem pontificalis ordinis gradum, et super ecclesie candelabrum ad lucendum omnibus qui in domo Dei erant magnifice exaltatus, nichil de monacho quorundam more dimisit, set sicut de magno Martino legitur, eadem in corde eius humilitas, eadem in vestitu eius vilitas mansit.’ Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 123–4: II.14. 31 Matthew witnessed a bull on 20 October 1126 as prior: Jean Mabillon, Annales ordinis S. Benedicti. 6 vols. (Paris, 1703–39), 6: 649–50. By the summer of 1127 he was on his first mission on behalf of the pope. Leo of Ostia and Peter the Deacon, Chronica monasterii Casinensis, ed. W. Wattenbach. MGH Scriptores, 7 (Hanover: MGH, 1846), 809–10: III.93–4; Berlière, ‘Le cardinal’, 123–4. 33 For instance, his fellow Cluniac, Pope Urban II, proved to be one of the more competent and flexible popes of the period. See Alfons Becker, Papst Urban II. (1088–1099). MGH Schriften 19. 2 vols. (Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann, 1964–88); Colin Morris, The Papal Monarchy: the Western Church from 1050–1250 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 121–5. 34 ‘Nichil de officiis, nichil de cantibus, nichil de polixa Cluniacensi psalmodia, quarumlibet curarum pretextu reliquit.’ Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 124: II.14. 35 The church is now once more known as San Sebastiano. It is unclear whether ‘Palladium’ is a reference to the Palladium of Athena, which may have been kept nearby, or a corruption of ‘Palatine’. Hans-Walter Klewitz, ‘Montecassino in Rom’, Quellen und Forschungen 28 (1937–8): 36–7; P. Fedele, ‘Una chiesa del Palatino. S. Maria “in Pallara”’, Archivio della Società Romana di Storia Patria 26 (1903): 367–9. H.E.J. Cowdrey, The Age of Abbot Desiderius. Montecassino, the Papacy, and the Normans in the Eleventh and Early Twelfth Centuries (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983); Herbert Bloch, Monte Cassino in the Middle Ages, vol. 1 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), 319–23. 36 Leo of Ostia and Peter the Deacon, Chronica monasterii Casinensis, ed. Wattenbach, 92: II.94; 729: III.36; Klewitz, ‘Montecassino’, 36, 39; Fedele, ‘Una chiesa’, 373. 37 Stroll, Calixtus II, 295–6, 437–8; Cowdrey, Age of Abbot Desiderius, 62; Klewitz, ‘Montecassino’, 44–5. 38 Leo of Ostia and Peter the Deacon, Chronica monasterii Casinensis, ed. Wattenbach, 803–4: III.81; Stroll, Calixtus II, 296; Cowdrey, Age of Abbot Desiderius, 223; Klewitz, ‘Montecassino’, 36. 39 ‘... a secularium vanitatibus, se quasi septo firmissimo secernebat. Cohibebat se intra se, numquamque sicut de quodam dictum est, magis solus quam cum aliis, numquam magis negotiosus quam cum solus erat.’ Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 124: II.14. 40 Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 124: II.14. 41 Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 124: II.14. 42 Gregory the Great, Pastoral Care, ed. Floribert Rommel, trans. Charles Morel. Sources Chrétiennes 381. 2 vols. (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1992), 198–200: II.5. 43 Phyllis G. Jestice, Wayward Monks and the Religious Revolution of the Eleventh Century (Leiden: Brill, 1997), 170–209. 44 Jestice, Wayward Monks, 210–28. 45 Jestice, Wayward Monks, 202–4; Constable, Reformation of the Twelfth Century, 131–7; John Cassian, Collationes, ed. Eugène Pichery. Sources Chrétiennes 42, 54, 64. 3 vols. (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1955–9), 1: See also Constable, of Mary and Martha’, licet in in se a in vol. and in Cowdrey, Two of of and ed. and trans. M. and (Oxford: Oxford University Press, and in of the in and in the Twelfth Century. on in the ed. and trans. and Medieval for 37 University of Press, Constable, Reformation of the Twelfth Century, This was a that was the to which Giles Constable, ‘The at in 13 Iogna-Prat, Ordonner et Peter the Venerable, ed. Constable, 1: in and (Paris: Iogna-Prat, Ordonner et et a 3, De au en à la du (Rome: de in se Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, in pro more Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, ‘... monachi in et quam se et ad Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, of de et eius ed. G. MGH 4 (Hanover: MGH, of ed. in vol. 3, ed. J. and Jestice, Wayward Monks, John S. Ott, of of and of and Studies Vie de ed. Jacques Sources Chrétiennes 3 vols. (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1967), 1: Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 124: Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, a in et Cluniacensi more ut se et suo numquam a monacho de a et his et ut Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, of ed. Migne. PL cols. Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, was also following the of Cluny: of ed. J.-P. Migne. PL (Paris: Garnier Editores et J.-P. Migne Successores, cols. non Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 65 Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 124: II.14. Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 124: Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, 124: II.14. Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, of Matthew's be found in Berlière, ‘Le cardinal’, in von zum Schisma von 1130. Studien in von Schisma II. bis zum (Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, und des in Leo of Ostia and Peter the Deacon, ed. Wattenbach, 809–10: III.93–4; Stroll, Jewish Pope, Berlière, ‘Le cardinal’, Berlière, ‘Le cardinal’, see Matthäus von Albano von und die des he that the of in 1129, not 1128, the of Matthew's with his of the replacement of nuns by monks at St-Jean, and at Argenteuil in and Berlière, ‘Le cardinal’, a of and Reform at the of of Laon, Revue Bénédictine Thomas ‘Abbot and the of 41 Matthew of Albano, Epistolae et diplomata, ed. Migne. PL cols. and cols. or his confirmation of the of the church of a of to Mabillon, 6: these by See also dans le de au du XII Revue de et 9 of Cluniac and to Monastic in the of Revue Chronica monasterii ed. MGH 25 (Hanover: MGH, 1880), has been by a the which a as in a of This would result in an of the not for the that was not the following M. de de la des et de the to for in the context Cluniac was following Cluniac but also the of the of was the of to of of Abbot Hugh of Cluny: Christian de de au XIIe in et le au ed. Michel (Paris: de la 1993), The following are also in with this Berlière, ‘Le cardinal’, de 1 H. A. and d'histoire et de 27 in (Paris: et J. et de Revue von Cluny 1993), W. ed., MGH 21 (Hanover: MGH, de de Cluny en aux XIe et XIIe de la de of Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, ed. 6: Berlière, ‘Le cardinal’, 78 Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, Berlière, ‘Le cardinal’, 80 See Freeburn, Hugh of Amiens, This not but also the of and Stanley Ceglar, de et son aux des Reims et in Saint-Thierry, une ed. S. ed. MGH 13 (Hanover: MGH, 83 S. ed. Ceglar, de Ceglar, de See S. Ceglar, ordinis S. in Saint-Thierry, une ed. See Matthew, Epistola, ed. Ceglar, in Matthew, Epistola, ed. Ceglar, the reference to an be found at and of ed. S. Ceglar, in Saint-Thierry, une ed. especially and S. Ceglar, ‘The of and the of the of the to Cardinal Studies 24 Studies in Medieval History II, ed. John Piazzoni, Guglielmo di Ceglar, de ed., Innocent II, Epistolae et ed. J.-P. Migne. PL (Paris: Garnier Fratres, Editores et J.-P. Migne Successores, cols. The 17 from have been in or Innocent was in that Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, 6: Peter the Venerable, ed. Giles Constable, in – ed. Corpus 6 Piazzoni, Guglielmo di Saint-Thierry, ‘The of Peter the Venerable’, in Petrus ed. Constable and Ceglar, de Peter the Venerable, De miraculis, ed. Bouthillier, Peter the Venerable, ed. Constable, 1: G. Reform and the Papacy in the Eleventh Century University Press, Mehne, ‘Cluniacenserbischöfe’, Stroll, Jewish Pope, 42, Peter the Venerable, ed. Constable, 1: tamen, eum quem ordinis et et episcopum in Peter the Venerable, ed. Constable, 1: cardinal Archivio della Società Romana di Storia Patria 78 (1955): Iogna-Prat, Ordonner et L. ed., La de (Paris: et Berlière, ‘Le cardinal’, this intervention to the of in or which would as for the of between Matthew and Innocent II. the first of was not vol. 3 1956), of ed. MGH 10 (Hanover: MGH, the expulsion as in or of ed. of ad in Innocent II, ‘Epistolae’, in Recueil des des Gaules et de la France, ed. Bouquet and 15: Peter the Venerable, ed. Constable, 1: Bernard of in S. J. Leclercq, and 8 vols. in 9 (Rome: Peter the Venerable, ed. Constable, 2: Peter the Venerable, De ed. Bouthillier, of ed. J.-P. Migne. PL (Paris: Garnier Fratres, Editores et J.-P. Migne Successores, cols. and 3, cardinal See the in as a in idem, The Interpretation of especially on the manner in which of

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