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Teaching and learning languages online

Challenges and responses

Bibliographic Data

ID11987772
AuthorsJian Tao (0000-0002-9573-3084, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics), Xuesong Gao (0000-0002-3426-8721, UNSW Sydney, corresponding author)
Year2022
Volume107
Pages102819-102819
Publication date2022-05-16
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueSystem (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0346-251X • E-ISSN: 1879-3282
PublisherElsevier BV (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1016/j.system.2022.102819
OpenAlexW4280564283
LanguageEN
Citations received40
References cited50

The outbreak of COVID-19 generated an unprecedented global push towards remote online language teaching and learning. In most contexts, language teachers and learners underwent a rapid switch to online instruction with limited resources and preparation. Their experiences demonstrate resilience, perseverance, and creativity under highly challenging conditions. This collection of studies examines the challenges that language teachers and learners have experienced in teaching and learning online, explores how they have addressed these challenges, and identifies critical lessons to help language educators better respond to emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic. In this introductory article, we discuss the background of this special collection on teaching and learning languages online, provide a review of the growing body of research on online language education in the field, and introduce the studies published in the collection

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 · Creativity · Language acquisition · Language education · Mathematics education · Multimedia · Online learning · Pandemic · Teaching method · Computer Science · Medicine · Online and Blended Learning · Online Learning and Analytics · Psychology · Technology-Enhanced Education Studies

  • Acquired Versus Learned Systems in Second Language Acquisition

    Open Access•Jamilah Maflah Alharbi•Theory and Practice in Language…•2024

  • Achieving Joint Attention and Understanding of Task Responsibilities in Synchronous Hybrid L2 Classroom Group Work

    Open Access•Teppo Jakonen, Heidi Jauni et al.•Applied Linguistics•2025

  • Online Language Learning in Colombian Graduate Education

    Open Access•Luis Hernando Tamayo-Cano, Edgar Picón-Jácome•Lenguaje•2026

  • Exploring How Lived Experiences Shape Technology Beliefs and Teacher Agency

    Open Access•Zhiyi Liu, Tiffany Karalis Noel•The Asia-Pacific Education…•2026

  • The perceptions of selected Ghanaian language teachers about virtual teaching and learning during crises

    Open Access•Edward Owusu•Ghana Journal of Linguistics•2023

  • Research on flipped classrooms in foreign language teaching in Chinese higher education

    Open Access•Wen Kong, Di Li et al.•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2024

  • Challenges and adaptations in online learning

    Open Access•Talal Al-Shukaili•Social Sciences & Humanities Open•2026

  • Exploring university students’ preferences and satisfaction in utilizing digital tools for foreign language learning

    Open Access•Marcel Pikhart, Blanka Klimova et al.•Frontiers in Education•2024

  • The influence of online education on pre-service teachers’ academic experiences at a higher education institution in the United Arab Emirates

    Open Access•Sura Qiqieh, Samir Dukmak•Frontiers in Education•2024

  • Traversing multicultural and multilingual educational landscapes in Odisha, India

    Open Access•Rashmi Ranjan Behera, Karthik Ramasami et al.•Frontiers in Education•2025

  • Reconfiguring Power, Policy and Emotional Labour

    Open Access•Zhi Ma•Education Sciences•2026

  • Educational System Resilience during the Covid-19 Pandemic—Review and Perspective

    Open Access•Noof AlQashouti, Mohammed Yaqot et al.•Education Sciences•2023

  • Impact of Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy on Foreign Language Learners in Online and Face-to-Face Learning Contexts in China

    Open Access•Ruihua Chen, Chen Rui-hua et al.•SAGE Open•2025

  • AI-driven analysis of English learners’ perception, attitude, and motivation in online learning environments

    Huanyu Hao•Interactive Learning Environments•2026

  • Catalyst

    Lingchen Kong, Jinnie Shin et al.•Interactive Learning Environments•2026

  • Reconceptualizing language learner agency

    Open Access•Qiuming Lin, Jing Huang•Interactive Learning Environments•2026

  • Approaching or distancing? Language teachers’ emotional experiences and coping strategies in teaching multilingual international students

    Jiying Han, Haoyu Zhuang•Language and Education•2025

  • Teachers' and support staff's views and experiences of digitally mediated EMI courses in two different university contexts

    Open Access•Parvaneh Tavakoli, Chihiro Inoue et al.•System•2026

  • How eTwinning scaffolds pedagogical transformation through generative AI

    Mehmet Kokoç, Bilal Karaca et al.•European Journal of Teacher…•2026

  • Measuring EFL teachers’ teaching anxiety in the online teaching environment

    Renzhong Peng, Qiqin Hu•Asia Pacific Journal of Education•2026

  • Mapping the Global Landscape

    Open Access•Ke Hu, Asmaa AlSaqqaf•European Journal of Education•2026

  • Language Teacher Educator Wellbeing in Online Classes

    Open Access•Mehmet Sak•European Journal of Education•2025

  • Language education in a brave new world

    Open Access•Xuesong Gao•Modern Language Journal•2024

  • Videoed storytelling in primary education EFL

    Pedro Antonio Férez Mora, Yvette Coyle•IRAL - International Review of…•2024

  • Constructing a self-management competence model for EFL teachers

    Open Access•Mona Najjarpour•Acta Psychologica•2024

  • EFL teachers' burnout in technology enhanced instructions setting

    Open Access•Fu Chen, Chen Fu et al.•Acta Psychologica•2024

  • Enhancing communication and reducing anxiety

    Open Access•Saieed Moslemi Nezhad Arani•Ampersand•2025

  • Languaging and language awareness in the global age 2020–2023

    Open Access•Michiko Weinmann, Rod Neilsen et al.•Language Awareness•2024

  • Online peer conferences

    Open Access•Donesca Cristina Puntel Xhafaj, Rafael Zaccaron•Texto Livre Linguagem e Tecnologia•2024

  • The Effect of Electronic Portfolio-Based Writing Instruction on the Second Language Writing Performance and Writing Self-Efficacy of EFL Learners

    Open Access•Hongyu Guo, Guo Hongyu et al.•SAGE Open•2024

  • Deep learning as a bridge between intercultural sensitivity and learning outcomes

    Open Access•Qian Long, Shengbing Li et al.•Acta Psychologica•2025

  • Enhancing the global reach and pedagogical diversity of online Chinese language education across cultural contexts

    Open Access•Geoffrey Bentum-Micah, Zhao Shurong et al.•Acta Psychologica•2026

  • Learning environment matters for university EFL learners’ emotions and approaches to online learning technologies

    Open Access•Jiying Han, Xiaohui Geng et al.•International Journal of Applied…•2024

  • E‐learning successes with English language teachers in under‐resourced non‐Weird contexts

    Open Access•Jawad Golzar, Omar Yacoub et al.•International Journal of Applied…•2024

  • Collaborative emotion regulation and professional development of student language teachers in online teaching

    Open Access•Lei Wu, Chun-An Qiu et al.•Teaching and Teacher Education•2025

  • Rescoping language assessment literacy

    Open Access•Shahid Abrar-Ul-Hassan, Hossein Nassaji•System•2023

  • The mediating effects of online learning engagement on the relationship between Chinese university students’ L2 grit and their English language achievement

    Open Access•Lin Luan, Bowen Jing et al.•System•2025

  • Transcending the boundaries of mode in online language teaching

    Open Access•Kevin W H Tai•System•2023

  • The road System travelled

    Open Access•Marta González‐lloret•System•2023

  • Explaining the penetrating role of technology in online foreign language learning achievement

    Open Access•Fangwei Huang, Haijing Zhang•Foreign Language Annals•2024

  • A systematic review of research on online teaching and learning from 2009 to 2018

    Open Access•Florence Martins, Florence Martin et al.•Computers & Education•2020

  • Learner emotions, autonomy and trait emotional intelligence in ‘in-person’ versus emergency remote English foreign language teaching in Europe

    Pia Resnik, Jean-Marc Dewaele•Applied Linguistics Review•2023

  • Tracking telecollaborative tasks through design, feedback, implementation, and reflection processes in pre-service language teacher education

    Semih Ekin, Ufuk Balaman et al.•Applied Linguistics Review•2024

  • Using Scaffolding Materials to Facilitate Autonomous Online Chinese as a Foreign Language Learning

    Open Access•Chen Chen•SAGE Open•2021

  • The interaction patterns of pandemic-initiated online teaching

    Open Access•Thinh Van Le, Ngan Ha Nguyen et al.•System•2022

  • Pre-service EFL teachers’ conceptions and strategy use in managing online classes

    Open Access•Mahboubeh Taghizadeh, Sahar Amirkhani•System•2021

  • Learners' flow experience during peer revision in a virtual writing course during the global pandemic

    Open Access•Caroline Payant, Marcela Zúñiga•System•2022

  • Remote teaching during Covid-19

    Open Access•Kelly Moser, Tianlan Wei et al.•System•2020

  • Language teacher agency in emergency online teaching

    Open Access•Karen Ashton•System•2022

  • Understanding English teachers’ non-volitional use of online teaching

    Open Access•Fang Huang, Timothy Teo et al.•System•2021

  • Investigating the link between engagement, readiness, and satisfaction in a synchronous online second language learning environment

    Open Access•Hyangeun Ji, Soyeon Park et al.•System•2022

  • Language teachers’ coping strategies during the Covid-19 conversion to online teaching

    Open Access•Peter D Macintyre, Tammy Gregersen et al.•System•2020

  • I took physical lessons for granted”

    Open Access•Mari Alger, June Eyckmans•System•2022

  • Digital affordances and teacher agency in the context of teaching Chinese as a second language during Covid-19

    Open Access•Mengtian Chen•System•2022

  • Mapping connections among activism interactional practices and presence in videoconferencing language learning

    Open Access•Beatriz Carbajal-Carrera•System•2021

  • Modified output and learner uptake in casual online learner-learner conversation

    Open Access•Johanna Salomonsson•System•2020

  • Chinese character instruction online

    Open Access•Yi Xu, Li Jin et al.•System•2021

  • Conversation and transcription activities with synchronous video computer-mediated communication

    Open Access•Sasha Loewen, Maria Buttiler et al.•System•2022

  • Parental support for young learners’ online learning of English in a Chinese primary school

    Open Access•Jian Tao, Yueting Xu•System•2022

  • Synchronous online teaching, a blessing or a curse? Insights from EFL primary students’ interaction during online English lessons

    Open Access•Anisa Cheung•System•2021

  • Transitioning to emergency online teaching

    Open Access•Ana Ruiz‐Alonso‐Bartol, Diane Querrien et al.•System•2021

  • Boredom in online classes in the Iranian EFL context

    Open Access•Ali Derakhshan, Mariusz Kruk et al.•System•2021

  • Addressing the challenges of interaction in online language courses

    Open Access•Claudia Harsch, Anika Müller-Karabil et al.•System•2021

  • Language learners’ enjoyment and emotion regulation in online collaborative learning

    Open Access•Zhipeng Zhang, Ting Liu et al.•System•2021

  • The emotional landscape of online teaching

    Open Access•Juyoung Song•System•2022

  • Digital competence and online language teaching

    Open Access•Kevin M Wong 黃浩文, Benjamin Luke Moorhouse•System•2021

  • Translanguaging/trans-semiotizing in teacher-learner interactions on social media

    Open Access•Chen Yan-yan, Ping Zhang et al.•System•2021

  • Stimulating learner engagement in app-based L2 vocabulary self-study

    Open Access•Xuehong He, Sasha Loewen•System•2022

  • Experienced EFL teachers switching to online teaching

    Open Access•Chunmei Yan, Li Wang•System•2022

  • We were told that the content we delivered was not as important

    Open Access•Michele Back, Karli Golembeski et al.•System•2021

  • Facilitating technology‐based character learning in emergency remote teaching

    Open Access•Yi Xu, Li Jin et al.•Foreign Language Annals•2021

  • Creating and sustaining virtual language communities

    Open Access•Lara Lomicka•Foreign Language Annals•2020

  • Establishing professional online communities for world language educators

    Open Access•Stephanie W P Knight•Foreign Language Annals•2020

  • Planned online language education versus crisis‐prompted online language teaching

    Open Access•Adam Gacs, Senta Goertler et al.•Foreign Language Annals•2020

  • Factors affecting the quality of online learning in a task‐based college course

    Open Access•Sangmin‐Michelle Lee•Foreign Language Annals•2021

  • Teacher professional development and online instruction

    Open Access•Kate Paesani•Foreign Language Annals•2020

  • Digitally mediated remote learning of pragmatics

    Open Access•Naoko Taguchi•Foreign Language Annals•2020

  • Language teacher perspectives on stress and coping

    Open Access•Tammy Gregersen, Shanara Mercer et al.•Foreign Language Annals•2021

  • Developing L2 productive language skills online and the strategic use of instructional tools

    Open Access•J Scott Payne•Foreign Language Annals•2020

  • Collaborative tasks for online language teaching

    Open Access•Marta González‐lloret•Foreign Language Annals•2020

  • A process tracing study of the dynamic patterns of boredom in an online L3 course of German during Covid‐19 pandemic

    Open Access•Elham Yazdanmehr, Majid Elahi Shirvan et al.•Foreign Language Annals•2021

  • Negotiating displacement, regaining community

    Open Access•Andrew F Ross, Mary L DiSalvo•Foreign Language Annals•2020

  • The new normal

    Open Access•Joy Egbert•Foreign Language Annals•2020

Unique citing works40
Citations per year13,33
Citation span2023 - 2026 (4)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 39
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