What is a Feminist
Evaluations and Stereotypes in Closed- and Open-Ended Responses
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 12005644 |
|---|---|
| Authors | J M Twenge (0000-0002-6542-8281, University of Michigan, corresponding author), Alyssa N Zucker (0000-0002-4741-8952, University of Michigan) |
| Year | 1999 |
| Volume | 23 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 591-605 |
| Publication date | 1999-09-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Psychology of Women Quarterly (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0361-6843 • E-ISSN: 1471-6402 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publishing (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00383.x |
| OpenAlex | W1980677640 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 73 |
| References cited | 30 |
This article outlines the evaluation and stereotype of feminists, based on responses to closed-ended semantic differential traits as well as open-ended, projective responses to a hypothetical male or female feminist. Consistent across both methodologies, undergraduate respondents (Study 1: N=210; Study 2: N=135) viewed feminists as politically liberal, assertive/career oriented, and more likely to be heterosexual than lesbian. Most evaluations were neutral to slightly positive, with a few negative areas. However, feminists were seen in less positive terms than the typical woman and were described as much more assertive and politically liberal. Gender, race, birth cohort, gender of target, and feminist-attitude differences are presented. Despite the neutral to slightly positive evaluation, most respondents did not personally identify as feminists, possibly because they misperceive others' attitudes toward feminists as more negative than they actually are
Assertiveness · Feminism · Lesbian · Psychoanalysis · Race (biology · Semantic differential · Sociology · Stereotype (UML · Gender Diversity and Inequality · Gender Roles and Identity Studies · Gender Studies · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
Who is an Environmentalist? The Polysemy of Environmentalist Terms and Correlated Environmental Actions
I Carry Out Small Wars
The ironic impact of activists
Pathways to Feminist Identification
Gender Role Identity and Attitudes Toward Feminism
What makes a liberal feminist? Identifying predictors of heterosexual women and men's liberal feminist ideology
Development and validation of the feminist social identity scale
Addressing Sexism With Children
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Feminist identity, collective action, and individual resistance among contemporary U.S. feminists
What Drives Feminist Identification in Spain? A Structural Analysis of Affective, Perceptual, and Ideological Pathways
The Differential Relationship of Feminist Attitudes and Feminist Identity to Self-Efficacy
What's in a Label? Judgments of Feminist Men and Feminist Women
Positive Portrayals of Feminist Men Increase Men’s Solidarity With Feminists and Collective Action Intentions
Feminism Lite?” Feminist Identification, Speaker Appearance, and Perceptions of Feminist and Antifeminist Messengers
The Relations Among Feminist Identity Development, Gender-Role Orientation, and Psychological Well-Being in Women
Disarming the Threat to Feminist Identification
Smoking in College Women
Attitudes Toward Women’s Work and Family Roles in the United States, 1976–2013
Do You See What I See? Effects of Group Consciousness on African American Women's Attributions to Prejudice
Disavowing Social Identities
Effects of Stereotypes About Feminists on Feminist Self-Identification
The New Meaning of Ms
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Gender Role and Feminism Revisited
Why Do Women Endorse Hostile and Benevolent Sexism? The Role of Salient Female Subtypes and Internalization of Sexist Contents
Feminism and Attachment Parenting
Feminist Identity in Men
Thinking of Others
It Depends! Contextual Variability in Feminist Identity Disclosure Among Binary and Nonbinary Individuals
Predicting Feminist Identity
Understanding Perceptions of Radical and Liberal Feminists
Why Can’t You Control Yourself?” Fat Should Be a Feminist Issue
If She’s a Feminist it Must Not be Discrimination
Positive Contact with Feminist Women as a Predictor of Feminist Solidarity, Gender Privilege Awareness, and Public and Domestic Support for Gender Equality in Straight Men
Confronting Sexism
What’s in a Name? Two Approaches to Evaluating the Label Feminist
The Discrepancy Between How Women See Themselves and Feminists Predicts Identification with Feminism
Feminist ≠ Feminine? Feminist Women Are Visually Masculinized Whereas Feminist Men Are Feminized
We Agree
Stalking a Moving Target
Relationships of modern sexism and misogyny to feminist attitudes and engagement in China
Activism and academia
We Say What we are and We do What We Say
Transforming the World”
Guilty or not? A path model of women's sexual force fantasies
Uncovering the Hairlessness Norm
Measurement of Feminist Identity and Attitudes Over the Past Half Century
A field study around a racial justice protest on a college campus
Nobody's free until everybody's free
Identification of Sexual Behaviour of Feminist Men Who Have Sex with Woman in Indonesia
Feminist Women’s Attitudes towards Feminist Men in the Canadian Atheist Movement
Dressing the Body
Reactions to gender egalitarian men
Can men promote feminist movements
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The F Word
A comprehensive measure of attitudes and behaviour
Balancing Multicultural Competence With Social Justice
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I’m Not Voting for Her
Evolution of hostile sexism and benevolent sexism in a spanish sample
The Myth of Postfeminism
Changes in Men's Conservative Gender Ideologies
Feminist Men and Sexual Behavior
March 8, 2019
Conscientization of Social Cryptomnesia Reduces Hostile Sexism and Rejection of Feminists
Predicting gender awareness
We, activists", "They, the activists
Women, women's rights and feminist movements
A Continuum of Impression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Processes
Masculinity and Femininity
Gender Stereotypes and Attitudes Toward Women and Men
Expectancies and Interpersonal Processes
Linking individual development and social changes
Attributions of the Term Feminist
Preferring “Housewives” To “Feminists”
Are Women Evaluated More Favorably Than Men
Development and Testing of the Attitudes Toward Feminism and the Women's Movement (FWM) Scale
Attitudes Toward Women, 1970–1995
New wave or second stage? Attitudes of college women toward feminism
A closer look at the complex structure of gender stereotypes
A Rose by any other name
Women or feminists? Assessing women's group consciousness
Predictors of feminist self-labeling
I Am Not a Feminist, but
Cognitive and Affective Bases of Attitudes toward Social Groups and Social Policies
Backlash
Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes
Perceived distributions of the characteristics of in-group and out-group members
The Cohort as a Concept in the Study of Social Change
Conception of Male and Female Homosexual Stereotypes Among University Undergraduates
Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence
Generations and Change
| Unique citing works | 73 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 2,92 |
| Citation span | 2001 - 2026 (26) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 70 |