Nonlinear Dynamics of Militarization and Income Inequality Nexus in Post-Socialist Eastern Europe

A Panel Kink Regression Analysis (1990–2023)

Bibliographic Data

ID12440487
AuthorsOurania Dimitraki (0000-0001-7078-5614, Graduate School of Business , 5195 University of Bedfordshire , Luton , UK), Kyriakos Emmanouilidis (0000-0003-2700-8515, Business Administration and Economics Department, University of York City College Europe Campus , Thessaloniki , Greece)
Year2025
Volume31
Issue3
Pages323-335
Publication date2025-07-31
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenuePeace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1079-2457 • E-ISSN: 1554-8597
PublisherDe Gruyter (PUBLISHER • DE)
DOI10.1515/peps-2025-0042
OpenAlexW4412780924
LanguageEN
References cited33

This paper examines the relationship between militarization, and income inequality in Eastern Bloc European countries from 1990 to 2023 – a period marked by post-socialist transition, economic upheaval, and political instability. The region’s unique geopolitical position and complex socio-political structure have contributed to widening socioeconomic disparities and rising militarization. Using a panel kink regression (PKR) model with the Global Militarisation Index and GINI index, we identify a critical threshold beyond which militarisation’s effect on inequality reverses. Below this point, militarization modestly reduces inequality; above it, further increases worsen disparities. These findings underline the need for balanced policies that promote both security and social equity in the region

Demographic economics · Development economics · Dynamics (music · Econometrics · Economic inequality · Economics · Inequality · Militarization · Multilevel model · Nexus (standard · Panel data · Political science · Politics · Sociology · Statistics · Defense, Military, and Policy Studies · Employment and Welfare Studies · Global Health Care Issues · Mathematics

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