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Development, construct validity, and measurement invariance of the Modified Classes of Racism Frequency of Racial Experiences Measure (M-CRFRE) to capture direct and indirect exposure to perceived racism-based police use of force for Black emerging adults

Bibliographic Data

ID12475258
AuthorsRobert O Motley (0000-0002-9963-0883, corresponding author), Sean Joe (0000-0002-6461-5501, Washington University in St. Louis), Amy Mcqueen (0000-0003-0332-3983, Washington University in St. Louis), Maribeth Clifton (0000-0001-6433-1448, Washington University in St. Louis), Demeisha Carlton-Brown (Washington University in St. Louis)
Year2022
Volume29
Issue4
Pages575-589
Publication date2022-02-03
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueCultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1099-9809 • E-ISSN: 1939-0106
PublisherAmerican Psychological Association (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1037/cdp0000525
PMID35113606
OpenAlexW4210759991
LanguageEN
Citations received6
References cited21

This study advances our epidemiological methodology for quantifying exposure to perceived racism-based police violence. Future research is necessary to assess the prevalence of exposure to perceived racism-based police violence and associated mental and behavioral outcomes for Black emerging adults in the U.S. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Confirmatory factor analysis · Construct (python library · Construct validity · Measure (data warehouse · Measurement invariance · Psychometrics · Racial bias · Racism · Sociology · Statistics · Structural equation modeling · Applied Psychology · Clinical Psychology · Gender Studies · Migration, Health and Trauma · Policing Practices and Perceptions · Psychology · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research · Social Psychology

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  • Prevalence and Correlates of Exposure (Direct and Indirect) to Perceived Racism-Based Police Violence among Black Emerging Adult College Students

    Robert O Motley, Robert Motley et al.•Social Work in Public Health•2024

  • Validating the Exposure to Racism-Based Police Violence Scales

    Open Access•Robert O Motley, HeeJoo Roh et al.•Journal of the Society for Social…•2025

  • Beyond Virality

    Open Access•Amanda M McLeroy, Ye Ding•Journal of Black Studies•2026

  • Withdrawn

    Open Access•Roger Wong, Emily T Norris et al.•Social Science & Medicine•2025

  • Profiles of Black Emerging Adults Exposure to Racism-Based Police Violence and Associated Mental Health Outcomes

    Open Access•Robert O Motley, Eric Williamson et al.•Emerging Adulthood•2024

  • Risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States by age, race–ethnicity, and sex

    Open Access•Frank Edwards, H Lee et al.•Proceedings of the National…•2019

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  • Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health The Added Effects of Racism and Discrimination

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  • Deaths Due to Use of Lethal Force by Law Enforcement

    Open Access•Sarah Degue, Katherine A Fowler et al.•American Journal of Preventive…•2016

  • What Do Our Respondents Think We're Asking? Using Cognitive Interviewing to Improve Medical Education Surveys

    Gordon Willis, Gordon B Willis et al.•Journal of Graduate Medical…•2013

  • Racial discrimination as race-based trauma, coping strategies, and dissociative symptoms among emerging adults

    Open Access•Lillian Polanco-Roman, Ashley Danies et al.•Psychological Trauma Theory…•2016

  • Police Use of Force by Ethnicity, Sex, and Socioeconomic Class

    Open Access•Robert O Motley, Sean Joe•Journal of the Society for Social…•2018

  • Effect of ethnic group membership on ethnic identity, race-related stress, and quality of life

    Shawn O Utsey, Mark H Chae et al.•Cultural Diversity & Ethnic…•2002

  • Measuring Black men’s police-based discrimination experiences

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  • Elevated Prevalence of Suicide Attempts among Victims of Police Violence in the USA

    Open Access•Jordan Devylder, Jodi Jacobson Frey et al.•Journal of Urban Health•2017

  • Policing, Community Fragmentation, and Public Health

    Open Access•Marisela B Gomez•Journal of Urban Health•2016

  • Perceptions of Violent Encounters between Police and Young Black Men across Stakeholder Groups

    Open Access•Collin Calvert, Sonya S Brady et al.•Journal of Urban Health•2020

  • Community violence and externalizing problems

    Open Access•Patrick J Fowler, Sawssan R Ahmed et al.•Journal of Community Psychology•2008

  • Construct validity of the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale and tests of measurement equivalence

    Robert T Carter, Carrie Muchow•Psychological Trauma Theory…•2017

  • Testing a mediation framework for the link between perceived discrimination and psychological distress among sexual minority individuals

    Kelly Yu‐hsin Liao, Kelly Yu-Hsin Liao et al.•Journal of Counseling Psychology•2015

  • Self-Reported Experiences of Racial Discrimination and Black–White Differences in Preterm and Low-Birthweight Deliveries

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  • Coping with Perceived Discrimination

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Unique citing works6
Citations per year3
Citation span2024 - 2026 (3)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 6

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