Red Sales in the Sunset”

T he R ise and F all of W hite T rader D ominance in the U nited S tates ’ N avajo R eservation and S outh A frica 's T ranskei ∗ This research was supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (FS-21887-88). The author is grateful for comments and ideas from Edward A. Tiryakian, Mark Beeman, Paul Hancock, and Debra Cornelius. Five anonymous reviewers also made excellent comments for revisions. The title of this paper was suggested by Miguel Vasquez and is a play on words from the song “Red Sails in the Sunset” written and composed by Jimmy Kennedy and Hugh Williams, respectively. Used as an ethnophaulism for Native Americans, red also applies to the South African setting referring to more traditional Africans (versus “school Natives”). The use of this term has been strongly criticized by Bernard Magubane, “The ‘Xhosa’ In Town, Revisited Urban Social Anthropology: A Failure of Method and Theory,” American Anthropologist 75 (1973), 1701-15