Anti-liberalism, Civil War and dictatorship
Carl Schmitt and his intellectual influence on the Francoist ideologists (1939–1942)
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 12902605 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Carlos Eduardo Pérez Crespo (0000-0002-0975-2255, Universität Hamburg, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2023 |
| Volume | 34 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 1-22 |
| Publication date | 2023-10-19 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Intellectual History Review (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1749-6977 • E-ISSN: 1749-6985 |
| Publisher | Routledge (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1080/17496977.2023.2260262 |
| OpenAlex | W4387780032 |
| Language | EN |
| References cited | 23 |
Carl Schmitt is the most important anti-liberal political theorist of the European interwar period (1918-1939). His theories on the state of exception, dictatorship, and his criticism of parliamentary democracy are very well known. However, what remains unknown to this day is how his ideas had a remarkable influence on the ideologues of the Francoist state between 1939 and 1942. During these years, a debate developed among Francoist jurists about whether Francisco Franco was a "sovereign dictator," that is, a dictator legitimized by popular consent, or rather a new kind of "monarch" that emerged in the context of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). This paper aims to explain how two ideological factions formed in Francoist Spain. The "Decisionist Francoism" of Juan Beneyto Pérez, Francisco Elías de Tejada, and Luis Legaz Lacambra held that Franco emerged as a reaction to the process of "legalization" triggered by liberalism in Spain. The "Weberian Francoism" of Francisco Javier Conde held that Franco was a charismatic and traditional leader whose position emerged in response to the Civil War. I explain how three concepts of Schmitt's anti-iberalism inspired Francoist theorists: political theology, dictatorship, and the rejection of parliamentary democracy.KEYWORDS: Carl SchmittFrancoismconstituent powerSpanish civil waranti-liberalismdictatorship AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank Peter Niesen, Jerónimo Molina, and Lars Vinx for their comments on this work. A first draft of this paper was presented at the Workshop "Beyond Anti-Liberalism? Lessons from Experience" (University of Milan, 13–14 June 2022).Notes1 See Saz, "Los Poderes de Franco: Dictadura Soberana y Doctrina(s) Del Caudillaje"; Moradiellos, "La doctrina del caudillaje en España: legitimidad política y poder carismático durante el franquismo"; Giménez, "Del Caudillaje a la 'Monarquía Del 18 de Julio'"; Moradiellos, "El régimen de Franco en la Europa".2 Sieyès, "What Is the Third Estate?", chap. 5.3 Molina, Contra el "mito Carl Schmitt", 217–18.4 Original Title: Schmitt, "Das Zeitalter Der Neutralisierungen und Entpolitisierungen".5 Ibid., 71–7.6 Schmitt, Political Theology, 51.7 Guillén Kalle, Carl Schmitt en la Segunda República Española, 49–53.8 Recaséns Siches, El Poder Constituyente, 719 Sánchez Agesta, Principios de Teoría Política, 287–307.10 De Vega, La reforma constitucional y la problemática del poder constituyente, 67–76.11 Colón-Ríos, La constitución de la democracia, 269–85.12 See Gallego, El Evangelio Fascista, 583–5; Moradiellos, "Caudillo de España. Franco, Un Dictador Soberano Y Carismático", 87; Tahmassian, "Carl Schmitt and the Basque Conflict", 61–5.13 López, "La Presencia de Carl Schmitt En España".14 Guillén Kalle, Carl Schmitt en la Segunda República Española.15 Saralegui, Carl Schmitt Pensador Español, 137–47.16 Molina, Contra el "mito Carl Schmitt", 220–1.17 See Giménez, El Estado Franquista, 185–6; Moradiellos, "La doctrina del caudillaje en España", 800–2.18 See Penadés and Velasco, "Plebiscites: A Tool for Dictatorship", 76–7.19 Wright, "Out of the Ordinary: Confronting Paradox in the Historiography of Francoism"; Núñez, "New Interpretations of the Spanish Civil War".20 Moradiellos, "Caudillo de España", 83–90; Saz, "Franco, ¿caudillo Fascista?", 33–41; Gallego, El Evangelio Fascista, chap. 6.21 Giménez, El Estado Franquista; Moradiellos, "La doctrina del caudillaje en España"; Saz, "Los Poderes de Franco".22 Preston, The Spanish Holocaust, chap. 13; Ruiz, Franco's Justice, chap. 6.23 Calleja, "The Spanish Civil War: New Approaches and Historiographic Perspectives", 265.24 Gallego, El Evangelio Fascista, chap. 7; Saz, España contra España, chap. 5; Payne, Fascism in Spain, chap. 11; Payne, Spanish Catholicism, chap. 7.25 Moradiellos, "Caudillo de España. Franco, Un Dictador Soberano Y Carismático", 40–3; Saz, "Franco, ¿caudillo Fascista?", 29–30.26 Lynch, Caudillos En Hispanoamérica, 1800-1850, vol. 13, chap. 2; Hamill, Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America.27 Moradiellos, "La doctrina del caudillaje en España", 797; Giménez, El Estado Franquista, 187–8.28 Zaratiegui, "Franquismo: ¿fascista, Nacional Católico, Tradicionalista?"; Saz, "Franco, ¿caudillo Fascista?"; Moradiellos, "La doctrina del caudillaje en España".29 Gallego, El Evangelio Fascista, chap. 6; Saz, España contra España, chap. 7.30 Payne, Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977, chaps 4–5.31 Linz, Ein Autoritäres Regime, 13: 19–42.32 Miley, "Franquism as Authoritarianism", 29–32.33 Saz, España contra España, 187–8.34 Gallego, El Evangelio Fascista, chap. 2; Payne, Fascism in Spain, chap. 4.35 Moradiellos, "Caudillo de España", 35.36 Gallego, El Evangelio Fascista, chap. 7; Payne, Fascism in Spain, chap. 11.37 Schmitt, Dictatorship, chap. 4.38 Saz, "Los Poderes de Franco"; Moradiellos, "La doctrina del caudillaje en España"; Giménez, "Del Caudillaje a "Del Caudillaje a La 'Monarquía Del 18 de Julio'"; Moradiellos, "El régimen de Franco en la Europa".39 Schmitt, Die Diktatur, chap. 4.40 Sieyès, "What Is the Third Estate?", chap. 5.41 Giménez, "Del Caudillaje a La 'Monarquía Del 18 de Julio'"; Giménez, El Estado Franquista.42 Giménez, "Del Caudillaje a La 'Monarquía Del 18 de Julio'", 439–40.43 See Rossiter, Constitutional Dictatorship, chap. 1; Schmitt, Dictatorship, chap. 2.44 Beneyto Pérez, El Nuevo Estado Español, 32.45 Beneyto Pérez and Costa Serrano, El Partido, 54.46 Ibid., 79.47 Schmitt, Staat, Bewegung, Volk.48 Beneyto Pérez, El Nuevo Estado Español, 138–9.49 Ibid., 140.50 Ibid., 148.51 Ibid., 155.52 Ibid.53 Ibid., 10.54 Ibid., 13.55 Ibid., 14.56 Elías de Tejada, La Figura Del Caudillo, 14.57 See Schmitt, "Der Gegensatz von Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft als Beispiel einer Zweigliedrigen Unterscheidung".58 Legaz Lacambra, La Filosofía Jurídica Del Nacionalsocialismo, 10–22.59 Ibid., 21; Schmitt, Politische Theologie, chap. 2.60 Schmitt, Die geistesgeschichtliche Lage des heutigen Parlamentarismus.61 Legaz Lacambra, Introducción a la teoría del Estado Nacionalsindicalista, 54.62 Schmitt, Die Geistesgeschichtliche Lage Des Heutigen Parlamentarismus, chap. 2; Legaz Lacambra, Introducción a La Teoría Del Estado Nacionalsindicalista, 55.63 Schmitt, Die geistesgeschichtliche Lage des heutigen Parlamentarismus, chap. 2.64 Legaz Lacambra, Introducción a la teoría del Estado Nacionalsindicalista, 55.65 Schmitt, Constitutional Theory, chap. 8.66 Schmitt, Politische Theologie, chap. 2; Heller, Die Souveränität, 21–3.67 Legaz Lacambra, Introducción a la teoría del Estado Nacionalsindicalista, 58.68 Ibid., 59.69 Ibid.70 Ibid., 60.71 Ibid., 60–1; Schmitt, Constitutional Theory, chap. 8.72 Schmitt, Politische Theologie, chap. 4.73 Legaz Lacambra, Introducción a la teoría del Estado Nacionalsindicalista, 115.74 Ibid., 101; Schmitt, Politische Theologie, 4.75 See Donoso Cortés, "Letter of October 24, 1851".76 Schmitt, Political Theology, 36.77 Legaz Lacambra, Introducción a la teoría del Estado Nacionalsindicalista, 101–2.78 Ibid., 116.79 Ibid., 130; Schmitt, Der Begriff des Politischen, 42–50.80 Legaz Lacambra, Introducción a la teoría del Estado Nacionalsindicalista, 143.81 Ibid., 144.82 Schmitt, Dictatorship, chap. 4.83 Legaz Lacambra, Introducción a la teoría del Estado Nacionalsindicalista, 144.84 Schmitt, Die geistesgeschichtliche Lage des Heutigen Parlamentarismus, chap. 2.85 Schmitt, Dictatorship, chap. 4.86 See Reig Tapia, "Aproximación a la teoría del caudillaje en Francisco Javier Conde"; Núñez, "la 'teoría del caudillaje' en Javier Conde"; Blasco Gil and Correa Ballester, "Francisco Javier Conde García"; Molina, "Estudio Preliminar".87 See Legaz Lacambra, "Javier Conde: El hombre, el intelectual, el político".88 La Época de la Neutralidad; Original title: Schmitt, "Das Zeitalter der Neutralisierungen und Entpolitisierungen".89 Teología Política; Original title: Schmitt, Politische Theologie.90 El Concepto de la Política; Original title: Schmitt, Der Begriff Des Politischen.91 Original title: Schmitt, Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes.92 Molina, Contra el "mito Carl Schmitt", 118–19.93 Original title: Schmitt, Völkerrechtliche Großraumordnung; Spanish translation: "El Concepto de Imperio en el Derecho Internacional".94 Molina, Contra el "mito Carl Schmitt", 123–6.95 Ibid., 132–3.96 Schmitt, "Francisco J. Conde. El Pensamiento Político de Bodino", 124.97 See Gallego, El Evangelio Fascista, 617–20; Moradiellos, "Caudillo de España", 86; Reig Tapia, "Aproximación a la teoría del caudillaje en Francisco Javier Conde", 67–8.98 Schmitt, Dictatorship, chap. 4.99 Conde, Contribución a la doctrina del caudillaje, 22.100 See Weber, Typen der Herrschaft; Weber, "The President of the Reich".101 Conde, Contribución a la doctrina del caudillaje, 9. This is a reference to Schmitt, "El Proceso de Neutralización de La Cultura".102 Conde, Contribución a la doctrina del caudillaje, 9.103 Ibid., 9–10.104 Ibid., 10.105 Heller, Die Souveränität, 21–3.106 Schmitt, "El Proceso de Neutralización de La Cultura".107 Conde, Contribución a la doctrina del caudillaje, 10.108 Ibid., 11.109 Conde takes up here the argument of Schmitt, Politische Theologie, chap. 3.110 Conde, Contribución a la doctrina del caudillaje, 12.111 Ibid.112 Schmitt, Politische Theologie, chap. 2.113 Conde, Contribución a la doctrina del caudillaje, 12–13.114 Schmitt, Politische Theologie, chap. 1.115 Donoso Cortés, "Speech on Dictatorship".116 Schmitt, Politische Theologie, 13; Donoso Cortés, "Letter of October 24, 1851".117 Conde, Contribución a la doctrina del caudillaje, 13–14.118 See Schmitt, Politische Theologie, chap. 2.119 Conde, Contribución a la doctrina del caudillaje, 14.120 Ibid., 23.121 Ibid., 15.122 Schmitt, Politische Theologie, chap. 1.123 Conde, Contribución a la doctrina del caudillaje, 19–20.124 Ibid., 21.125 Schmitt, Dictatorship, chap. 1.126 Conde, Contribución a la doctrina del caudillaje, 20.127 Conde, Contribución a la doctrina del caudillaje, 22.128 Weber, Typen Der Herrschaft, 7.129 Ibid.130 Ibid., 8.131 Ibid., 11.132 Ibid., 13.133 Ibid., 16.134 Ibid.135 Ibid., 18–19.136 Conde, Contribución a la doctrina del caudillaje, 27.137 Ibid., 28.138 Ibid., 32.139 Ibid., 32–3.140 Ibid., 39.141 Ibid., 41–2.142 Ibid., 43.143 Ibid., 44.144 Schmitt, Die Diktatur, chap. 4.Additional informationNotes on contributorsCarlos Pérez-CrespoCarlos Pérez-Crespo did his Ph.D. in Political Science at the University of Hamburg, supported by a D.A.A.D. scholarship. He was a visiting doctoral candidate at the Faculty of History of the University of Cambridge (November 2022–March 2023). He works on topics related to political and constitutional theories from the period of the eighteenth to the twentieth century in continental Europe (focusing on Germany, France, and Spain) and their reception in South America
Democracy · Dictatorship · Liberalism · Political science · Politics · Spanish Civil War · Law · Philosophy · Political Theology and Sovereignty · Seventeenth-Century Political and Philosophical Thought · War, Ethics, and Justification
Die geistesgeschichtliche Lage des heutigen Parlamentarismus.
Caudillos
The President of the Reich
Franco's Justice
Die Diktatur.Von den Anfängen des modernen Souveränitätsgedankens bis zum proletarischen Klassenkampf
Politische Theologie. Vier Kapitel zur Lehre von der Souveränität
Verfassungslehre
Positionen und Begriffe, im Kampf mit Weimar – Genf – Versailles 1923–1939
Der Begriff des Politischen
Political Theology
Franquism as Authoritarianism
Carl Schmitt and the Basque Conflict
New Interpretations of the Spanish Civil War
Out of the Ordinary
The Spanish Civil War
"Del caudillaje a la "Monarquía del 18 de Julio
Constitutional Dictatorship
Plebiscites
The Concept of the Political
| Citation velocity | historical |
|---|---|
| Highly cited | No |