Evolutionary fraud, the global scamming ecosystem and a typology of actors

Bibliographic Data

ID12926727
AuthorsMark Button (0000-0002-4169-2619, University of Portsmouth, corresponding author), Suleman Lazaru (0000-0003-1721-8519, University of the Western Cape), Branislav Hock (0000-0003-1123-1309, University of Portsmouth), Paul Gilmour (0000-0002-6380-8563, University of Portsmouth), Durgesh Pandey (0000-0001-5439-6029, Gujarat University), James Bugbilla Sabia (0000-0003-2857-1705, Ghana Armed Forces Command and Staff College)
Year2026
Volume84
Pages100825-100825
Publication date2026-02-25
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueInternational journal of law, crime and justice (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1756-0616 • E-ISSN: 1876-763X
PublisherElsevier BV (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1016/j.ijlcj.2026.100825
OpenAlexW7131376394
LanguageEN
Citations received5
References cited36

This study examines the adaptive nature of the global scamming ecosystem, focusing on developing a novel typology based on the size and organizational structure of scam operations. Through a combination of qualitative and case study analysis, the research categorizes scammers into five distinct groups, namely, “Demons,” “Gorgons,” “Ogres,” “Behemoths,” and “Mega Behemoths,” ranging from lone actors to large-scale enterprises with intricate hierarchies and international reach. The findings highlight how organizational size, specialisation, and corrupt actors' involvement contribute to scam operations' effectiveness and resilience. Findings also illustrate the adaptive processes observed in legitimate business practices, including role specialisation and hierarchical organization strategic planning. The paper also notes the evolutionary processes creating more effective scams and means of delivering them. The study provides a foundational understanding of these dynamics, offering a framework for targeted, flexible strategies and robust international cooperation. Findings also highlight the importance of continued interdisciplinary collaboration to address these evolving threats

Adaptation (eye · Complex adaptive system · Evolutionary theory · International business · Organizational structure · Qualitative research · Typology · Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies · Law, AI, and Intellectual Property · Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses