Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Adherence to the Protest Paradigm

The Influence of Protest Goals and Tactics on News Coverage in U.S. and International Newspapers

Bibliographic Data

ID12977384
AuthorsMichael Boyle (0000-0002-9740-1630, West Chester University, corresponding author), Douglas M Mcleod (0000-0001-5808-2457, University of Wisconsin–Madison), Cory L Armstrong (0000-0003-4730-9665, University of Florida)
Year2012
Volume17
Issue2
Pages127-144
Publication date2012-02-02
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueThe International Journal of Press/Politics (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1940-1612 • E-ISSN: 1040-1620
PublisherSAGE Publishing (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1177/1940161211433837
OpenAlexW2138514695
LanguageEN
Citations received106
References cited24

Research shows that news coverage of protest groups that challenge the status quo treats them relatively critically. To develop a more precise understanding of such coverage, this study content analyzes an international set of newspapers ( N = 220) to explore the relationships between a protest group’s goals and tactics on resulting news coverage. The findings indicate that a group’s tactics—more than its goals—play a substantial role in affecting coverage. Furthermore, the findings also show that the protest issue and location indirectly affect coverage through their relationship to a group’s tactics. Implications for journalists and protesters alike are discussed

Affect (linguistics · Content analysis · Media coverage · Media studies · Newspaper · Political science · Public relations · Set (abstract data type · Social science · Sociology · Status quo · Computer Science · Law · Media Influence and Politics · Media Studies and Communication · Psychology · Social Media and Politics · Social Psychology

  • Insert quote here

    Open Access•Neal Caren, Braxton Brewington et al.•Social Problems•2026

  • News media framing of social protests around racial tensions during the Donald Trump presidency

    Open Access•Yotam Ophir, Devin K Forde et al.•Journalism•2021

  • Making #BlackLivesMatter in the Shadow of Selma

    Open Access•Sarah J Jackson•Communication Culture and Critique•2021

  • From “Pirates” to “Heroes

    Open Access•Thomas E Owens, Thomas Owen•The International Journal of…•2013

  • Professional journalistic routines and the protest paradigm

    Open Access•Robin Reul, Steve Paulussen et al.•Journalism•2016

  • Revisiting the Protest Paradigm

    Open Access•David Weaver, David A Weaver et al.•The International Journal of…•2012

  • They Always Get Our Story Wrong

    Open Access•Anita Varma, Brad Limov et al.•Media and Communication•2023

  • Martin to Brown

    Danielle K Brown, Rachel R Mourão et al.•Journalism Practice•2018

  • Producing anti-regime protest news in a polarized and clientelistic media system

    Open Access•Lindita Camaj•Journalism•2021

  • Producing Protest News

    Open Access•Keren Tenenboim-Weinblatt•The International Journal of…•2014

  • Politics or Platform

    Open Access•Morgan Butler, Ashley Larson et al.•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2026

  • How Negative Media Framing of Anti-Status Quo Protests Acts as a Social Control Mechanism

    Alexandros Vlazakis•Protest•2024

  • “Shiny Happy People Laughing”

    Stephanie Geise, Axel Heck et al.•Visual Communication Quarterly•2023

  • Racism, Death, and Protests in Brazil

    Open Access•Mathias-Felipe De-Lima-Santos, Wilson Ceron•Online Media and Global…•2022

  • Personalising climate change—how activists from Fridays for Future visualise climate action on Instagram

    Open Access•D Shim•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2024

  • Picturing Protest

    Wei Zhong, Bin Chen et al.•Digital Journalism•2025

  • Black Lives Matter Coverage

    Rachel R Mourão, Danielle K Brown•Digital Journalism•2022

  • The Coming Archival Crisis

    Allissa V Richardson•Digital Journalism•2020

  • Retracted Article

    Ojonimi Godwin Alfred, Siti Sarah Maidin et al.•Journal of International…•2024

  • Mainstream Protest Reporting in the Contemporary Media Environment

    Open Access•Teresa Gil-Lopez•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2021

  • An Obscured View of “Both Sides”

    Open Access•Angie Chuang, Autumn Tyler•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2023

  • Toward In-Depth Coverage

    Open Access•Rachel R Mourão, Soo Young Shin et al.•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2021

  • Making Sense of Attitudes toward the US National Anthem Protests

    Daymon Wilson, Daymon A Wilson et al.•Howard Journal of Communications•2021

  • Does the form of protest matter? Examining attitudes toward different forms of athletes’ protests against police brutality and injustice

    Yannick C Atouba, Daymon Wilson•Communication Research Reports•2020

  • Riots or revolution? A framing analysis of the Mahsa Amini protests in U.S. and Iranian media

    Farah Mubarak•Media Asia•2025

  • Online Media Coverage of Environmental Protest in Chile

    Carola Neira-Mellado, Ruben Sanchez-Sabate et al.•Environmental Communication•2026

  • Protest Paradigm in Multimedia

    Open Access•Summer Harlow, Ramón Salaverría et al.•Journal of Communication•2017

  • ‘You can’t demand anything from the system’

    Open Access•Catherine Strong, Elise Imray Papineau•DIY Alternative Cultures & Society•2025

  • Journalism for People, for Elite

    Ahmad Muhammad Auwal•African Journalism Studies•2026

  • News Consumption, Military Interventionism, and Support for Anti-Democratic Movements

    Rachel R Mourão, Marialina Antolini et al.•Mass Communication & Society•2026

  • Revisiting the protest paradigm

    Djamil Kerrouche, Mohamad Hamas Elmasry•Journal of Arab & Muslim Media…•2026

  • What a Story

    Andrew W Martin, Patrick Rafail et al.•Social Forces•2017

  • Journalism in crisis

    Ahmad Muhammad Auwal, Metin Ersoy•Communication and Democracy•2025

  • Looking in the Mirror

    Open Access•E Bleich, Amelia Pollard et al.•The International Journal of…•2022

  • Troublemakers in the Streets? A Framing Analysis of Newspaper Coverage of Protests in the UK 1992–2017

    Open Access•Johannes B Gruber•The International Journal of…•2022

  • Protesting the Paradigm

    Open Access•Saif Shahin, Pei Zheng et al.•The International Journal of…•2016

  • Covering online protest

    Azi Lev-On•Journal of Information Technology…•2024

  • Online news framing of police and protesters in Europe

    Marialena Yannoulatou, Christopher D Tulloch•Catalan Journal of Communication…•2024

  • No Surrender. No Challenge. No Protest Paradigm

    Open Access•Brooks De Cillia, Patrick Mccurdy•Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue…•2020

  • Framing the Yellow Vests Protests in the French Press

    Nael Jebril, Mohammed El Bouzidi•Journalism Practice•2022

  • When the Right Protests

    Rachel R Mourão•Journalism Practice•2021

  • Drawing from Community Journalism to Reform Coverage of Social Protest

    Brandon Storlie•Journalism Practice•2025

  • The politics of political communication

    Open Access•Bahaa Ghobrial, Karin Gwinn Wilkins•International Communication Gazette•2014

  • Protest reporting across clientelist media systems

    Open Access•Summer Harlow, Lindita Camaj et al.•International Communication Gazette•2022

  • Framing #Ferguson

    Open Access•Summer Harlow•International Communication Gazette•2019

  • Some Liken It to the Arab Spring’

    TREVOR GULLIVER, Lindsay Herriot•Critical Discourse Studies•2014

  • Reasonable People vs. The Sinister Fringe

    Mitchel J Power, Amanda Haynes et al.•Critical Discourse Studies•2016

  • When the Right Riots

    Open Access•Rachel R Mourão, Danielle K Brown•Mass Communication & Society•2024

  • Reading Faces

    Yibing Sun, Ji-Won Kang et al.•Mass Communication & Society•2025

  • Contextualizing Representations of Violence in #Blacklivesmatter Coverage with Inductive Computational Content Analysis

    Open Access•Marisa A Smith, Katherine Haenschen•Mass Communication & Society•2024

  • Police, Violence, and the “Logic of Damage”

    Summer Harlow, Ingrid Bachmann•Mass Communication & Society•2023

  • From Mass to Elite Protests

    Rachel R Mourão•Mass Communication & Society•2018

  • Politicizing What’s News

    Doron Shultziner, Yelena Stukalin•Mass Communication & Society•2020

  • From #Ferguson to #Ayotzinapa

    Danielle K Brown, Summer Harlow et al.•Mass Communication & Society•2018

  • Framing feminist protest

    Melissa Santillana•Feminist Media Studies•2024

  • Reshaping Protest Coverage Through Translation

    Open Access•Hao Mo•Journalism Studies•2026

  • Is the Whole World Watching? Building a Typology of Protest Coverage on Social Media From Around the World

    Summer Harlow, Danielle K Brown et al.•Journalism Studies•2020

  • Hearts and Hahas of the Public

    Danielle K Brown, Summer Harlow•Journalism Studies•2021

  • Technologies of last resort

    Open Access•Victoria Balan, Delia Dumitrica•New Media & Society•2022

  • Unequal Tweets

    Annette Malapally, Andreas Blombach et al.•Political Communication•2023

  • Reporting on Black Lives Matter in 2020

    Open Access•Miya Williams Fayne, Allissa V Richardson•The International Journal of…•2023

  • Framing Revolution

    Open Access•Sally Farhat, Jad Melki•The International Journal of…•2023

  • The protest paradigm and Power

    Open Access•Reese Castro•Discourse & Society•2025

  • Event conceptualization in news coverage of pro-life protests

    Open Access•Hikaru Suzuki•Discourse & Society•2025

  • Constructing and framing violent protests in news translation

    Open Access•Hao Mo•Perspectives•2025

  • Strategic Framing Matters But Varies

    Open Access•Maggie Mengqing Zhang, Xiao Wang et al.•Social Science Computer Review•2021

  • Moving Beyond the Sound Bite

    Open Access•Malaena Taylor, Kate Gunby•Sociological Forum•2016

  • Are They Not Worthy? How Partisan Political Blogs Legitimize the Tea Party Movement and Occupy Wall Street

    Open Access•Eulalie Laschever•Sociological Forum•2017

  • Pitstop of Death’

    Harry Browne, Colin Coulter et al.•Irish Political Studies•2018

  • A Natural Language Processing Analysis of Newspapers Coverage of Hong Kong Protests Between 1998 and 2020

    Open Access•Giovanna Maria Dora Dore•Social Indicators Research•2023

  • Digital technologies and the protest paradigm

    Open Access•Victoria Balan•Media Culture & Society•2024

  • Narrow Responses to Social Movements

    Jonas Bergan Draege•Representation•2022

  • Does Violent Protest Receive Negative Coverage?—Media Framing of Hong Kong Anti-Extradition Bill Movement and French Yellow Vest Movement

    Yao Li, Marion Cassard et al.•International Journal of Sociology•2023

  • Variations in media framing of movements in China, France, and the U.S

    Open Access•Yao Li, Marion Cassard et al.•British Journal of Sociology•2024

  • Effects of Mass Media Framing of Protest Movements

    Open Access•Geremew Teresa•Online Journal of Communication…•2022

  • Invading Indigenous Territory is Not Reconciliation”

    Rebecca Hume, Kevin Walby•Canadian Journal of Communication•2023

  • Fear, class and quiescence

    Open Access•Michael Murray•European Journal of Cultural and…•2023

  • A field study around a racial justice protest on a college campus

    Open Access•Hema Preya Selvanathan, Brian Lickel•Journal of Social and Political…•2019

  • Support for Protests in Latin America

    Open Access•Rachel R Mourão, Magdalena Saldaña et al.•Social Sciences•2016

  • Anger, Fear, and the Racialization of News Media Coverage of Protest Activity

    Open Access•Lagina Gause, Samuel Taylor Moore et al.•The Journal of Race Ethnicity and…•2023

  • Less than Expected? How Media Cover Demonstration Turnout

    Open Access•Ruud Wouters, Kirsten Van Camp•The International Journal of…•2017

  • The Limits of the Debate

    Open Access•Tine Ustad Figenschou, Audun Beyer•The International Journal of…•2014

  • Diffusion-Proofing Protest Paradigm

    Open Access•Vincent G Huang, Xueqing Li•The International Journal of…•2022

  • A Journalists’ Protest? Personal Identification and Journalistic Activism in the Israel Social Justice Protest Movement

    Open Access•Doron Shultziner, Aya Shoshan•The International Journal of…•2017

  • Which civil society? State-run media and shaping the politics of NGOs in post-uprising Egypt

    Open Access•Nermeen Kassem•Policy Studies•2025

  • Standing up or giving up? Moral foundations mediate political differences in evaluations of BLACK Lives Matter and other protests

    Open Access•Isaac Richardson, Paul Conway•European Journal of Social…•2022

  • Reporting Demonstrations

    Ruud Wouters•Political Communication•2015

  • Captain climate

    Open Access•James Bingaman, Moses Mike•Media International Australia•2024

  • Whose Voices Shape Protest Narratives? Comparing Source Diversity in Kenya’s Digital-Native and Legacy-Affiliated News Coverage

    Open Access•Osman, Osman Osman•Journalism Studies•2025

  • From “Angry Mobs” to “Citizens in Anguish

    Open Access•Volha Kananovich•American Behavioral Scientist•2022

  • From Delegitimisation to Conditional Legitimacy

    Open Access•Sahar Rasoulikolamaki, Noor Aqsa Nabila Mat Isa et al.•Journalism Studies•2026

  • Civil disobedience and the protest paradigm

    Open Access•Lea Von Den Driesch•Social movement studies•2025

  • Ideological parallelism

    Kisun Kim, Ki-Sun Kim et al.•Social movement studies•2020

  • Authoritarian media and foreign protests

    Open Access•Yana Otlan, Yulia Kuzmina et al.•Post-Soviet Affairs•2023

  • No Reckoning for the Right

    Danielle K Brown, Rachel R Mourão•Political Communication•2022

  • Allies or Agitators? How Partisan Identity Shapes Public Opinion about Violent or Nonviolent Protests

    Y Hsiao, Scott Radnitz•Political Communication•2021

  • Distorting the News? The Mechanisms of Partisan Media Bias and Its Effects on News Production

    Open Access•Doron Shultziner, Yelena Stukalin•Political Behavior•2021

  • Generating a voice among ‘media monsters

    Shiau Ching Wong, Scott Wright•Australian Journal of Political…•2018

  • Public Support for Pro-environment and Environment-Critical Movements

    Open Access•Dirck De Kleer, Catherine E De Vries et al.•British Journal of Political…•2025

  • Challenging the protest paradigm and winning legitimacy. Analysis of the representation of the social movement against femicide in the mainstream media in Mexico

    Open Access•Mariana Aldrete•Current Sociology•2025

  • The strategy of social protest

    William A Gamson•The strategy of social protest•1975

  • Media Treatment of Deviant Political Groups

    Open Access•Pamela J Shoemaker•Journalism Quarterly•1984

  • Whole World Is Watching

    Todd Gitlin•Whole World Is Watching•2005

  • Framing Effects of Television News Coverage of Social Protest

    Open Access•Douglas M Mcleod, Benjamin H Detenber•Journal of Communication•1999

  • Democracy and the Mass Media

    Open Access•Stephen Holmes, David Kelley et al.•Democracy and the Mass Media•1990

  • Community Structure and Social Protest

    Michael Mccluskey, Susan E Stein et al.•Mass Communication & Society•2009

  • Revisiting Structural Pluralism

    Cory L Armstrong•Mass Communication & Society•2006

  • The Influence of Level of Deviance and Protest Type on Coverage of Social Protest in Wisconsin from 1960 to 1999

    Michael Boyle, Michael Mccluskey et al.•Mass Communication & Society•2004

  • The Manufacture of `Public Opinion' by Reporters

    Open Access•Douglas M Mcleod, James K Hertog•Discourse & Society•1992

  • Behind Media Marginality

    Open Access•Alexandra Cole•Cities•2004

  • Democracy and the Mass Media

    Nigel G Harris, Nigel G E Harris et al.•The Philosophical Quarterly•1992

  • News from the Noninstitutional world

    James H Wittebols•Political Communication•1996

  • When Prophesy Always Fails

    Gadi Wolfsfeld, Eli Avraham et al.•Political Communication•2000

  • Framing Dissent

    Jules Boykoff•New Political Science•2006

  • Political Processes and Local Newspaper Coverage of Protest Events

    P Oliver, Pamela E Oliver et al.•American Journal of Sociology•2000

  • Manufacturing consent

    Edward S Herman, John Pruden et al.•La fabrication du consentement :…•1988

  • Correcting for Selection Bias in Social Movement Research

    Simon Hug, Dominique Wisler•Mobilization An International…•1998

  • Framing

    Open Access•Robert M Entman•Journal of Communication•1993

  • Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power

    William A Gamson, Andre Modigliani•American Journal of Sociology•1989

Unique citing works106
Citations per year7,57
Citation span2012 - 2026 (15)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 105

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae