Forests in flux

This article critically analyses the evolution of forest laws and policies in India, from the colonial era to the present day, to identify historical gaps and errors that have resulted in the degradation of Indian forests. The author seeks to identify the drivers of change in the state's approach towards forest governance, the factors impeding effective forest conservation, and analyse the socio-economic impacts of different instruments on the forest-dwelling and forest-dependent communities. This study also seeks to answer research questions related to the key drivers behind the adoption and evolution of forest laws and policies, the influence of British colonial policies and laws on post-independence forest laws and policies, the impact of forest laws and policies on the rights and livelihoods of forest-dependent and forest-dwelling communities, and the evolution of forest laws and policies to address emerging challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem degradation. The study utilises doctrinal research methodology, incorporating historical, analytical, and critical legal research tools. Through the findings of this research, the author aims to guide the development of more effective forest policies in India in the future.

Biodiversity · Climate change · Colonialism · Environmental degradation · Forest ecology · Livelihood · Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management · Environmental law and policy · Land Rights and Reforms

• Scarce evidence, abundant crisis narratives

  Open Access•Benezet Mugisha Rwelengera, Jens Friis Lund et al.•Trees Forests and People•2026

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