Contribution of the jurchens of the Eastern Xia State (1215–1233) to the evolution of the medieval fortifi cation of the Far East

The Jurchen fortifications of the Eastern Xia state (1215–1233) are a complex system of fortification. Preparing for defense against the Mongols, the Jurchens began to build a new type of mountain settlements, which turned into fortress cities with a complex defense system. Each settlement had its own functions, on which their location, size and internal topography depended. Applying the rich experience of their predecessors, they create their own tradition in urban planning, rationally using natural and geographical conditions. Walled cities are erected on the mountain spurs that controlled the adjacent valley, providing the most advantageous position for defense. Inside the spur there was a glen, which made it possible to follow the movement of the enemies, while the enemies were deprived of the possibility to observe the actions of the fortress defenders . The walls of the fortress were built taking into account the steepness of the rocks, which eliminated the need to erect fosses. The gates were reinforced with additional structures in the form of a barbican. The ramparts were mainly made of earth, with additional fortifications such as towers, roundels, barbettes. Additional fortifications had characteristic features of the XIII century cities and performed defensive functions combined with guard and observation. The introduction of new technical solutions by the Jurchens in the urban planning of mountain hillforts was a contribution to the evolution of medieval fortification of the peoples of East Asia

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