Ultra-High Resolution Large-Eddy Simulation of Typhoon Yagi (2024) over Urban Haikou

Bibliographic Data

ID13113259
AuthorsJ Xu (0009-0008-6588-603X, Hainan University, corresponding author), Jing Wu (0000-0002-6559-4335, Gansu Meteorological Bureau), Yihang Xing (Hainan University), Deshi Yang (Hainan University), Ming Shang (Hebei University of Engineering), Chenxiao Shi (0000-0002-3997-4852, Hainan Meteorological Service), Chunxiang Shi (0000-0002-8902-6930, Hainan Meteorological Service), Lei Bai (0000-0003-3378-7201, Hainan University)
Year2026
Volume10
Issue1
Pages42-42
Publication date2026-01-11
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueUrban Science (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 2413-8851 • E-ISSN: 2413-8851
PublisherMDPI AG (PUBLISHER • IT)
DOI10.3390/urbansci10010042
OpenAlexW7122501701
LanguageEN
References cited32

About 16% of typhoons making landfall in China strike Hainan Island, where near-surface extreme winds in dense urban areas exhibit a strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity that is difficult to capture with current observations and mesoscale models. Focusing on Haikou during Super Typhoon Yagi (2024)—the strongest autumn typhoon to hit China since 1949—we developed a multiscale ERA5–WRF–PALM framework to conduct 30 m resolution large-eddy simulations. PALM results are in reasonable agreement with most of the five automatic weather stations, while performance is weaker at the most sheltered park site. Mean near-surface wind speeds increased by 20–50% relative to normal conditions, showing a coastal–urban gradient: maps of weighted cumulative exposure to strong winds (≥Beaufort force 8) show much longer and more intense events along open coasts than within built-up urban cores. Urban morphology exerted nonlinear effects: wind speeds followed a U-shaped relation with both the open-space ratio and mean building height, with suppression zones at ~0.5–0.7 openness and ~20–40 m height, while clusters of super-tall buildings induced Venturi-like acceleration of 2–3 m s−1. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed banded swaths of high winds, with open areas and islands sustaining longer, broader extremes, and dense street grids experiencing shorter, localized events. Methodologically, this study provides a rare, systematically evaluated application of a multiscale ERA5–WRF–PALM framework to a real typhoon case at 30 m resolution in a tropical coastal city. These findings clarify typhoon–city interactions, quantify morphological regulation of extreme winds, and support risk assessment, urban planning, and wind-resilient design in coastal megacities

Horizontal resolution · Landfall · Mesoscale meteorology · Relative humidity · Tropical cyclone scales · Typhoon · Wind speed · Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations · Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research · Wind and Air Flow Studies

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