The perpetration of on- and offline hate speech among secondary school students

Bibliographic Data

ID13136554
AuthorsJuan Manuel Bellido Cáceres (University of Almería), Pilar Rodríguez Martínez (0000-0001-6347-9117, University of Almería), Juan Luis Soto Espinosa (0000-0002-4228-0309, University of Almería, corresponding author), Lucía Martinez Joya (0009-0006-2078-3024, University of Almería)
Year2025
Volume7
Publication date2025-08-04
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueFrontiers in Human Dynamics (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 2673-2726 • E-ISSN: 2673-2726
PublisherFrontiers Media (PUBLISHER • CH)
DOI10.3389/fhumd.2025.1632091
OpenAlexW4412882048
LanguageEN
References cited17

This study analyses the relationships between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech, both on- and offline. It is based on data extracted from a purpose-designed questionnaire answered by a total of 571 secondary school students in Almería. We used SPSS software to analyse the data collected, employing statistical analysis techniques that included binary logistic regression, and chi-square and omnibus tests of model coefficients to determine consistency. The relationships between hate speech in both environments point to an escalation of violence and transference between online and in-person aggressions. Also evident is the influence of close social environments, such as violence in schools. When a student suffers hate speech in either environment, the likelihood of them going on to perpetrate hate speech increases significantly. We conclude that the perpetration of hate speech, both on- and offline, is explained by students having witnessed or suffered in-person hate speech; having seen or heard hate speech online; and, above all, having suffered hate speech online

Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression · Education Discipline and Inequality · Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection · Psychology

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