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Which Assertiveness Competencies Count Most? Assessing Assertiveness, Passiveness, and Aggressiveness With a New Online Questionnaire

Bibliographic Data

ID13651306
AuthorsRobert Epstein (0000-0002-7484-6282, American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, Vista, CA, USA, corresponding author), Krystie Xiaowen Mei (American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, Vista, CA, USA), Amanda Newland (0009-0000-5106-2824, American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, Vista, CA, USA), Luis M Rivera (0000-0002-8240-7407, American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology), Leah Rivera (American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, Vista, CA, USA), Shreya Singhi (American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, Vista, CA, USA), Ning Wang (0009-0007-8931-918X, American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, Vista, CA, USA)
Year2025
Pages332941251340307-332941251340307
Publication date2025-05-08
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenuePsychological Reports (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0033-2941 • E-ISSN: 1558-691X
PublisherSAGE Publishing (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1177/00332941251340307
PMID40338131
OpenAlexW4410208669
LanguageEN
References cited79

Data collected online from a convenience sample of 16,033 people from 83 countries were analyzed to determine (a) which of four empirically-derived assertiveness competencies - Communicating Proactively, Expressing Your Needs and Desires, Standing Up for Yourself, and Presenting Yourself Confidently - best predicted four self-reported positive life outcomes and (b) how well those life outcomes were predicted by measures of assertiveness, passiveness, and aggressiveness. Regression analyses showed that the competency "Presenting Yourself Confidently" was the best predictor of life outcomes. Assertiveness was positively correlated with those outcomes; passiveness was negatively correlated with them; and the relationship between aggressiveness and those outcomes was orderly and complex, suggesting that aggressiveness has both benefits and costs. Our results also confirmed the value of assertiveness training

Assertiveness · Computer-assisted web interviewing · Sample (material · Statistics · Behavioral Health and Interventions · Clinical Psychology · Personality Traits and Psychology · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology

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Citation velocityhistorical
Highly citedNo
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