Buch und Wissenschaft

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 395 knowledge in preliterate societies (p. 27), he ignores a wide array of evidence. Thomas Gladwin, in East Is a Big Bird (Harvard University Press, 1970), has shown that Micronesian navigational techniques have been the bases for both complex intellectual adjustment and major social roles. Similarly, he ignores the advice function in many technical occupa­ tions. To the general public, the automobile service manager is a far more significant professional than is the remote mechanical engineer. And the same commercial, price-fixing function that leads Moore to ignore the implications of automobile service leads him also to derogate as pseudoprofessional the engineering salesman. But much of technical professional advice is in fact provided by men who have a commercial interest in some product. This raises general questions about how socie­ ties reconcile intellectual trust or objectivity with economic processes that can produce dependency or exploitation. But it is just this kind of general question that Moore does not deal with, except through a kind of cynical gossip that he gives full play in his comments on the medical profession. That the physicians may deserve much of the gossip does not make his general treatment any more satisfactory. When Moore does move toward general theory on certain topics, as in his discussion of “punishment socialization,” he becomes more inter­ esting. Thus, he does provide a stimulating introduction to the question of what effects the specialization of professional audiences has on the regulation of professional performance. But the concept of profession­ alism has run its course since Carr-Saunders, and social scientists simply do not need more of magisterial comment on the label “profession.” Instead, they need attention to the problems that arise when society depends on specialized knowledge, regardless of the label. Daniel H. Calhoun* Buck und Wissenschaft: Beispiele aus der Geschichte der Medizin, Naturwissenschaft und Technik. Edited by Eberhard Schmauderer. Technikgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen, no. 17. Diisseldorf: VDIVerlag , 1969. Pp. 348. DM. 32. As a supplement to the journal Technikgeschichte, the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure publishes longer monographs, Technikgeschichte in Einzeldarstellungen, of which the present volume, “Book and ScienceExamples from the History of Medicine, Natural Science and Technol­ ogy,” is the seventeenth of the series. It stems from a younger group of science historians calling themselves the “Driburger Circle,” a meeting at Bad Driburg in 1962 having brought them together, and is dedicated to Dr. Gunther Kerstein who encouraged them. * Dr. Calhoun, professor of history at the University of Califonia, Davis, is the author of The American Civil Engineer. 396 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Twelve of this group examined the role of the book and its predeces­ sors in and for the development of some phase of the history of medi­ cine, natural science, or technology. To define the relation of the phenomenon “book” to the historical efforts requires the study and comparison of different lines of development, and the writers, each dealing with an area of his interest, bring a variety of sketches to the gen­ eral picture in the form of the following essays. 1. Gerhard Baader, “Manuscript and Incunabula in the Transmission of Medical Literature” (33 pages). 2. Otto Dohner, “Printed Funeral Sermons as Sources for the History of Medicine and Pharmacy” (15 pages). 3. Armin Hermann, “Source Material for Writing the History of Modern Physics” (5 pages). 4. Brigitte Hoppe, “Illustrating and Describing in Nature Studies” (19 pages). 5. Karl-Ernst Kohlhauer, “To the Question of a German Central Library on Old Medicine and Natural Science” (11 pages). 6. Fritz Krafft, “Experimenta Nova. Investigations on the History of a Scientific Book” (27 pages). 7. Evelyn Kroker, “Publications on World Exhibitions of the 19th Century as Source for the History of Economics and Technology” (18 pages). 8. Ernst-Heinrich Lochmann, “The Significance of Handbooks for Instruction in the Old Veterinary Schools” (15 pages). 9. Kurt Mauel, “The Technical Text and Handbook in Machine De­ sign in the 19th Century” (23 pages). 10. Eberhard Schmauderer, “Developmental Forms of Pharma­ copoeia” (100 pages). 11. Ivo Schneider, “Distribution and Significance of the Printed Ger­ man Arithmetics of the 15th and 16th Centuries” (25 pages). 12. Helmut Siefert, “Rudolf Virchow and the Medical Literature of the 19th

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