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The role of spiritual health in enhancing environmental behavior

A structural equation modeling study in Iran

Bibliographic Data

ID15699313
AuthorsReza Fouladi-Fard (Qom University of Medical Science and Health Services), Nahid Khoshnamvand (Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, corresponding author), Rasool Mohammadi (0000-0002-4507-5079, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences), Zahra Atafar (0000-0002-0046-5962, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences), Seyed Hamed Mirhoseini (Arak University of Medical Sciences), Atefeh Abbasi (Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Reza Rezaee (0000-0001-9342-8214, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences), Shahram Sadeghi (0000-0002-6119-721X, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences), Reza Saeedi (0000-0002-3174-7743, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences), Nezam Mirzaei (0000-0003-4779-1519, Kashan University of Medical Sciences), Mehran Yazdandoust (Iranshahr University), Fazel Mohammadi-Moghadam (Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Sara Hemati (Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences), Mina Ghahrchi (Torbat Heydarieh University of Medical Sciences), Sajad Mazloomi (0000-0002-6638-9915, Medical University of Ilam), Ali Jafari (0000-0002-9488-4972, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences), Sadegh Yoosefee (0000-0001-9033-9144, Qom University of Medical Science and Health Services), Sina Dobaradaran (0000-0002-8857-7343, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences), Mozhgan Keshtkar (Bushehr University of Medical Sciences), Mohammad Reza Samaei (0000-0003-3499-2899, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences), Hossein Kamani (0000-0002-1498-9580, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences), Abbas Norouzian Baghani (0000-0001-6614-6158, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences), Mahdi Ghorbanian (0000-0001-9992-1560, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences), Elham Rahmanzadeh (0000-0002-6947-8024, Iran University of Medical Sciences), Elahe Noruzzade (Tehran University of Medical Sciences), Mohammad-Ebrahim Ghaffari (Qom University of Medical Science and Health Services), Faramarz Azimi (Lorestan University of Medical Sciences), Mostafa Rezaali (0000-0001-6587-1569, University of Florida), Fatemeh Piroozfar (Qom University of Medical Science and Health Services)
Year2026
Volume14
Issue1
Publication date2026-01-28
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueBMC Psychology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 2050-7283 • E-ISSN: 2050-7283
PublisherBioMed Central (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1186/s40359-026-03956-1
PMID41593736
OpenAlexW7125815042
LanguageEN
References cited23

Environmental behavior refers to how individuals interact with their surroundings. These behaviors may be environmentally friendly and responsible; conversely, they may be completely negative or anti-environmental. Responsible environmental behaviors constitute a set of individual actions in society toward the environment, which includes a wide range of feelings, desires, and special preparations related to the environment. Spiritual health refers to a sense of meaning, purpose, and connectedness in life, often expressed through moral values, religious beliefs, or inner peace. Theoretically, higher spiritual health may foster responsibility and empathy toward nature, encouraging environmentally responsible behaviors. This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study that was conducted from 2022 to 2023 across 16 provinces of Iran. The data collection tools in this study included two validated questionnaires for environmental behavior and spiritual health, which contain 32 and 48 questions, respectively. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted using AMOS (version 24) to analyze the relationships between spiritual health and environmental behavior. This study had a total 5548 participants; 46.4% were male and 53.6% were female. The average age ranged was between 30 and 40 years. In addition to examining the relationship between the two main variables, the present study investigates the theoretical hypothesis of a positive and significant relationship between spiritual health with environmental behavior along with other influential variables such as age, gender, education level, income, job, and number of family members. The results indicate a significant positive relationship between spiritual health and environmental behavior, highlighting the potential role of spiritual health in promoting eco-friendly and environmentally responsible behaviors. By emphasizing religious teachings and strengthening spiritual health, people’s environmental behavior can be positively impacted. Providing an appropriate framework can enhance environmental behavior and consequently promote environmental protection

Empathy · Environmental education · Environmental Psychology · Health behavior · Set (abstract data type · Social connectedness · Spiritual Health · Structural equation modeling · Environmental Education and Sustainability · Religion, Ecology, and Ethics · Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology

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