Sex- and Age-Specific Characteristics of Running Performance Assessed by OptoJump in Pre-School Children Aged 3 to 6 Years

Bibliographic Data

ID15717662
AuthorsSanja Ljubičić (0000-0002-5712-3517, University of Rijeka, corresponding author), Jera Gregorc (0000-0001-9510-5697, University of Ljubljana), Vilko Petrić (0000-0003-0563-7396, University of Rijeka)
Year2025
Volume12
Issue12
Pages1684-1684
Publication date2025-12-11
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueChildren (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 2227-9067 • E-ISSN: 2227-9067
PublisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (PUBLISHER • CH)
DOI10.3390/children12121684
PMID41462824
OpenAlexW4417228990
LanguageEN
References cited24

Background/Objectives: Running is among the most prevalent forms of physical activity in preschool-aged children and constitutes a fundamental component for the effective execution of other motor patterns. The main aim of this study is to determine how fundamental running parameters change with age and whether there are differences between sexes. Methods: Four-hundred and five pre-school children with the mean (SD) age = 4.9 (1.1) years, height = 111.2 (9.3) cm, weight = 20.0 (4.2) kg, 53.5% girls were recruited from 34 kindergartens in four major cities. The inclusion criteria involved children aged 3-6 years with typical development and without any locomotor or mental disorders and diseases, who were enrolled in day care. Running performance was assessed in preschool children using a 10-m sprint test. Sprint parameters were measured with the OptoJump modular system, an infrared platform that accurately quantifies kinematic variables. Sex (boys vs. girls) and age (3 to 6 years old) differences were calculated by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Wallis H-test with post hoc comparison test between the groups. Results: In general, the results indicated that statistically significant differences between boys and girls were observed across the following levels: (1) temporal-kinematic step phase, (2) spatiotemporal movement characteristics, and (3) propulsive phase as an indicator of muscular activity. However, these differences were not consistent across all age groups. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the spatiotemporal characteristics of running in preschool-aged children. The findings may assist in the early identification of potential motor deviations and in the planning of more effective strategies to promote physical activity during the preschool period

Age groups · Analysis of variance · Developmental age · Motor activity · Motor skill · Post-hoc analysis · Sprint · Test (biology · Children's Physical and Motor Development · Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet · Sports injuries and prevention

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