Nebulizers, inhalers, and spirometers for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma- An updated review

Background: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are prevalent chronic conditions significantly impacting healthcare costs and patient quality of life. Inhalation therapy plays a crucial role in managing these diseases, with a wide array of devices available for medication delivery. Aim: This review aims to update the understanding of nebulizers, inhalers, and spirometers in managing asthma and COPD, highlighting device usage, patient adherence, and clinical outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on the effectiveness, usability, and patient adherence associated with various inhalation devices, including nebulizers, pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), and dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Patient preferences and common user errors were also analyzed. Results: Findings indicate a significant prevalence of incorrect inhalation techniques, which adversely affect treatment outcomes. Despite the growing market for inhalation devices, non-adherence remains a challenge, particularly among patients with cognitive impairments. User errors were common across all device types, highlighting the need for improved patient education and device selection tailored to individual capabilities. Conclusion: Optimizing inhalation techniques and enhancing patient education are essential for improving clinical outcomes in asthma and COPD management. Future strategies should focus on personalized device selection and ongoing support to foster adherence and correct usage

Asthma · COPD · Intensive care medicine · Physical therapy · Pulmonary disease · Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery · Medicine · Internal Medicine