Roger Nash Baldwin, the National Civil Liberties Bureau, and Military Intelligence During World War I

1 Paul L. Murphy, World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States (New York, 1979); Robert Justin Goldstein, Political Repression in Modern America: 1870 to the Present (Cambridge, Mass., 1978), 110.2 Peggy Lamson, Roger Baldwin: Founder of the American Civil Liberties Union (Boston, 1976), 65–68; C. Roland Marchand, The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898–1918 (Princeton, 1972), 223–27, 231–34, 238–40; Roger Baldwin with Alan Westin, “Recollections of a Life in Civil Liberties: I,”Civil Liberties Review 1 (Spring 1975): 51; Samuel Walker, In Defense of American Liberties: A History of the ACLU (New York, 1990), 36; Baldwin, “Memo for Peggy Lamson from Roger Baldwin on Moving East,” 1, box 3, Peggy Lamson Papers, Mudd Library, Princeton University; Roger Baldwin, “Record of the More Public Activities of Roger N. Baldwin,” C‐1, Baldwin Papers, Mudd Library, Princeton University.3 Peggy Lamson, “Transcripts of Interviews with Roger Baldwin,” 28.4 The Reminiscences of Roger Nash Baldwin, Columbia University Oral History Collection, 54, New York, N.Y.5 Baldwin with Westin, “Recollections of a Life in Civil Liberties: I,” 53.6 Ibid.; Baldwin, Reminiscences, 53–54; Lamson, Roger Baldwin, 67–68; Lamson, “Transcripts,” 28–29; American Union Against Militarism (hereafter AUAM), “Conscription and the Conscientious Objector to War,” May 1917, Baldwin Papers; Baldwin to Dear Sir, 23 May 1917, reel 10.1, AUAM Papers, Swarthmore College Peace Papers; AUAM, “To Men of Military Age Opposed to War!,” n.d, Baldwin Papers.7 Baldwin to Frederick D. Keppel, 2 June 1917, vol. 2, ACLU Papers, Mudd Library, Princeton University.8 Baldwin to Newton D. Baker, 15 June 1917, vol. 2, ACLU Papers.9 “Meeting, June 4”,' 4 June 1917, reel 10.1, AUAM Papers.10 N.t., 15 June 1917, reel 10.1, AUAM Papers.11 Walker, In Defense of American Liberties, 37; “Abstract from Report,” 16 February 1918, Military Intelligence Division Documents (hereafter MIDD), 10434‐8‐16, National Archives.12 Baldwin with Westin, “Recollections of a Life in Civil Liberties: I,” 62.13 Baldwin, Reminiscences, 66–67.14 C. D. Millikin to Chief, Intelligence Section, War College, 19 December 1917, MIDD, 10434‐8‐1; R. H. Van Deman to Nicholas Biddle, 31 December 1917, MIDD, 10434‐8‐4.15 Van Deman to Intelligence Officers, All Divisions, 6 February 1918, MIDD, 10589‐12‐1.16 “Memorandum for Colonel Van Deman”,' 19 February 1918, 1–2, MIDD, 10589‐12‐5.17 Baldwin to Colonel Edward M. House, 22 January 1918, Lusk Committee Papers (hereafter LCP), New York State Historical Society, Albany, New York, 44; Baldwin to House, 8 February 1918, LCP, 47; MIDD, 10434‐8‐12; Baldwin to House, 15 February 1918, LCP, 48; C. L. Lloyd, “Report: Subject: Roger N. Baldwin,” 6 March 1918, 1–3, MIDD, 1‐434‐8‐19.18 Keppel to Baldwin, 26 February 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 2, 203.19 Baldwin to Keypel, 1 March 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 2, 204–7.20 Ibid., 207.21 Baldwin to Baker, 2 March 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 2, 150.22 Baldwin to Keppel, 4 March 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 2, 210.23 Biddle to Van Deman, 6 March 1918, MIDD, 10484‐8‐19; Van Deman to Biddle, 7 March 1918, MIDD, 10589‐12‐39.24 Baldwin to Major Nicholas Biddle, 8 March 1918, LCP, 316.25 Ibid., 317.26 Memorandum from R. H. Deman for Mr. F. Keppel, 9 March 1918, LCP, n.p.27 Ibid.28 Baldwin to Keppel, 13 March 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 3, 213.29 Ibid.30 Baldwin to H. L. Rotzel, 13 March 1918, 1, MTDD, 10902‐13‐98.31 Baldwin to Edmund C. Evans, 16 March 1918, LCP, 56.32 Baldwin to Biddle, 2 April 1918, LCP, 323–24.33 Baldwin to Keppel, 23 April 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐65.34 Baldwin to Keppel, 19 April 1918, LCP, 207–208; Baldwin to House, 3 April 1918, LCP, 52.35 William H. Van Antwerp to Director of Naval Intelligence, 11 April 1918, 1–2, MIDD, 10902‐13‐116.36 Biddle to Chief, Military Intelligence Branch, Executive Division, April 16 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐76; Biddle to Chief, Military Intelligence Branch, Executive Division, 16 April 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐43.37 Memorandum to Mr. Bielaski,' 22 April 1918, 1–2, MIDD, 10962‐13‐48.38 Keppel to Van Deman, 11 May 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐66.39 A. B. Bielaski, “Memorandum for the Attorney General,” 13 May 1918, 1–2, FBI File, Baldwin Papers.40 Van Deman to Keppel, May 15 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13–69.41 Ibid.42 Keppel to Baldwin, 19 May 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 3, 306.43 Keppel to L. Hollingsworth Wood, 22 May 1918, LCP, 308.44 Van Deman to Biddle, 24 May 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐105.45 Baldwin to Keppel, 27 May 1918, LCP, 310.46 Baldwin to Van Deman, 28 May 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐106.47 Baldwin to Baker, 6 June 1918, LCP, 108.48 Albert DeSilver et al. to Baker, 6 July 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 2, 1–5.49 B. C. Decker to M.I.B. For action (sic), 19 June 1918, MIDD, 10902‐12‐120.50 Phillip J. Termini to J. E. Springarn, 20 July 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐131.51 Ibid.52 Termini to Springarn, 22 July 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐140.53 Donald Johnson, The Challenge to American Freedoms: World War I and the Rise of the American Civil Liberties Union (Lexington, 1963), 38.54 Baldwin to Keppel, 3 August 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 3, 227.55 Keppel to Baldwin, 13 August 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐149.56 Baldwin to Deman, 17 August 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 3, 228.57 See Keppel, Memorandum for Colonel Mastellar, 26 August 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐N‐3‐248; “The Activities of the National Civil Liberties Bureau,” n.d., MIDD, 10902‐13‐N‐12‐248; Biddle to Chief, Military Intelligence Branch, Executive Division, 26 August 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐154.58 “Copied from Captain Malone's Report”,' 1–14, MIDD, 10902‐13‐155.59 W. H. Lamar to General M. Churchill, 31 August 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐155.60 Biddle to Director, Military Intelligence Branch, Executive Division, 31 August 1918, 1–2, MIDD, 10902‐13‐33; Walker, In Defense, 38.61 William H. Kandolph to Commanding Officer, C.I.P., N.Y., 3 September 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐86.62 Walker, In Defense, 38–39.63 Baldwin with Westin, “Recollections of a Life in Civil Liberties: I,” 62; Baldwin, Reminiscences, 68; Baldwin, “How I” Took the Veil': A Little Story for Friends, 15 November 1918, 1, Baldwin Papers.64 Baldwin, letter to Local Board 129, Baldwin Papers.65 Baldwin to Keppell, 16 September 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐86.66 M. Churchill to Intelligence Officer, Camp Wadsworth, S.C., 24 September 1918, MIDD, 10902–13.67 Walker, In Defense of American Liberties, 39.68 Biddle to Director of Military Intelligence, 11 October 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐86; Keppel to Major Wrisley Brown, 11 October 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐86.69 R. W. Finch, “IN RE: RADICAL DISTURBANCE,” Talk of ‘Revolution’ in U.S., 2, MIDD, 10901‐13‐86X.70 Department Intelligence Office, Chicago, Illinois, “Report: The Fellowship of Reconciliation,” 23 September 1919, MIDD, 10902‐13.71 Colonel Gordon Johnston and Captain John B. Campbell to Intelligence Officer, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 3 May 1920, MIDD, 10902–13.72 Colonel Perry Weidner, “Extra Special: Roger N. Baldwin,” 13 April 1926, MIDD, 10902–13.73 Johnson, The Challenge to American Freedoms, 36–38.Notes1 Paul L. Murphy, World War I and the Origin of Civil Liberties in the United States (New York, 1979); Robert Justin Goldstein, Political Repression in Modern America: 1870 to the Present (Cambridge, Mass., 1978), 110.2 Peggy Lamson, Roger Baldwin: Founder of the American Civil Liberties Union (Boston, 1976), 65–68; C. Roland Marchand, The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1898–1918 (Princeton, 1972), 223–27, 231–34, 238–40; Roger Baldwin with Alan Westin, “Recollections of a Life in Civil Liberties: I,”Civil Liberties Review 1 (Spring 1975): 51; Samuel Walker, In Defense of American Liberties: A History of the ACLU (New York, 1990), 36; Baldwin, “Memo for Peggy Lamson from Roger Baldwin on Moving East,” 1, box 3, Peggy Lamson Papers, Mudd Library, Princeton University; Roger Baldwin, “Record of the More Public Activities of Roger N. Baldwin,” C‐1, Baldwin Papers, Mudd Library, Princeton University.3 Peggy Lamson, “Transcripts of Interviews with Roger Baldwin,” 28.4 The Reminiscences of Roger Nash Baldwin, Columbia University Oral History Collection, 54, New York, N.Y.5 Baldwin with Westin, “Recollections of a Life in Civil Liberties: I,” 53.6 Ibid.; Baldwin, Reminiscences, 53–54; Lamson, Roger Baldwin, 67–68; Lamson, “Transcripts,” 28–29; American Union Against Militarism (hereafter AUAM), “Conscription and the Conscientious Objector to War,” May 1917, Baldwin Papers; Baldwin to Dear Sir, 23 May 1917, reel 10.1, AUAM Papers, Swarthmore College Peace Papers; AUAM, “To Men of Military Age Opposed to War!,” n.d, Baldwin Papers.7 Baldwin to Frederick D. Keppel, 2 June 1917, vol. 2, ACLU Papers, Mudd Library, Princeton University.8 Baldwin to Newton D. Baker, 15 June 1917, vol. 2, ACLU Papers.9 “Meeting, June 4”,' 4 June 1917, reel 10.1, AUAM Papers.10 N.t., 15 June 1917, reel 10.1, AUAM Papers.11 Walker, In Defense of American Liberties, 37; “Abstract from Report,” 16 February 1918, Military Intelligence Division Documents (hereafter MIDD), 10434‐8‐16, National Archives.12 Baldwin with Westin, “Recollections of a Life in Civil Liberties: I,” 62.13 Baldwin, Reminiscences, 66–67.14 C. D. Millikin to Chief, Intelligence Section, War College, 19 December 1917, MIDD, 10434‐8‐1; R. H. Van Deman to Nicholas Biddle, 31 December 1917, MIDD, 10434‐8‐4.15 Van Deman to Intelligence Officers, All Divisions, 6 February 1918, MIDD, 10589‐12‐1.16 “Memorandum for Colonel Van Deman”,' 19 February 1918, 1–2, MIDD, 10589‐12‐5.17 Baldwin to Colonel Edward M. House, 22 January 1918, Lusk Committee Papers (hereafter LCP), New York State Historical Society, Albany, New York, 44; Baldwin to House, 8 February 1918, LCP, 47; MIDD, 10434‐8‐12; Baldwin to House, 15 February 1918, LCP, 48; C. L. Lloyd, “Report: Subject: Roger N. Baldwin,” 6 March 1918, 1–3, MIDD, 1‐434‐8‐19.18 Keppel to Baldwin, 26 February 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 2, 203.19 Baldwin to Keypel, 1 March 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 2, 204–7.20 Ibid., 207.21 Baldwin to Baker, 2 March 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 2, 150.22 Baldwin to Keppel, 4 March 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 2, 210.23 Biddle to Van Deman, 6 March 1918, MIDD, 10484‐8‐19; Van Deman to Biddle, 7 March 1918, MIDD, 10589‐12‐39.24 Baldwin to Major Nicholas Biddle, 8 March 1918, LCP, 316.25 Ibid., 317.26 Memorandum from R. H. Deman for Mr. F. Keppel, 9 March 1918, LCP, n.p.27 Ibid.28 Baldwin to Keppel, 13 March 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 3, 213.29 Ibid.30 Baldwin to H. L. Rotzel, 13 March 1918, 1, MTDD, 10902‐13‐98.31 Baldwin to Edmund C. Evans, 16 March 1918, LCP, 56.32 Baldwin to Biddle, 2 April 1918, LCP, 323–24.33 Baldwin to Keppel, 23 April 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐65.34 Baldwin to Keppel, 19 April 1918, LCP, 207–208; Baldwin to House, 3 April 1918, LCP, 52.35 William H. Van Antwerp to Director of Naval Intelligence, 11 April 1918, 1–2, MIDD, 10902‐13‐116.36 Biddle to Chief, Military Intelligence Branch, Executive Division, April 16 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐76; Biddle to Chief, Military Intelligence Branch, Executive Division, 16 April 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐43.37 Memorandum to Mr. Bielaski,' 22 April 1918, 1–2, MIDD, 10962‐13‐48.38 Keppel to Van Deman, 11 May 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐66.39 A. B. Bielaski, “Memorandum for the Attorney General,” 13 May 1918, 1–2, FBI File, Baldwin Papers.40 Van Deman to Keppel, May 15 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13–69.41 Ibid.42 Keppel to Baldwin, 19 May 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 3, 306.43 Keppel to L. Hollingsworth Wood, 22 May 1918, LCP, 308.44 Van Deman to Biddle, 24 May 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐105.45 Baldwin to Keppel, 27 May 1918, LCP, 310.46 Baldwin to Van Deman, 28 May 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐106.47 Baldwin to Baker, 6 June 1918, LCP, 108.48 Albert DeSilver et al. to Baker, 6 July 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 2, 1–5.49 B. C. Decker to M.I.B. For action (sic), 19 June 1918, MIDD, 10902‐12‐120.50 Phillip J. Termini to J. E. Springarn, 20 July 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐131.51 Ibid.52 Termini to Springarn, 22 July 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐140.53 Donald Johnson, The Challenge to American Freedoms: World War I and the Rise of the American Civil Liberties Union (Lexington, 1963), 38.54 Baldwin to Keppel, 3 August 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 3, 227.55 Keppel to Baldwin, 13 August 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐149.56 Baldwin to Deman, 17 August 1918, ACLU Papers, vol. 3, 228.57 See Keppel, Memorandum for Colonel Mastellar, 26 August 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐N‐3‐248; “The Activities of the National Civil Liberties Bureau,” n.d., MIDD, 10902‐13‐N‐12‐248; Biddle to Chief, Military Intelligence Branch, Executive Division, 26 August 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐154.58 “Copied from Captain Malone's Report”,' 1–14, MIDD, 10902‐13‐155.59 W. H. Lamar to General M. Churchill, 31 August 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐155.60 Biddle to Director, Military Intelligence Branch, Executive Division, 31 August 1918, 1–2, MIDD, 10902‐13‐33; Walker, In Defense, 38.61 William H. Kandolph to Commanding Officer, C.I.P., N.Y., 3 September 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐86.62 Walker, In Defense, 38–39.63 Baldwin with Westin, “Recollections of a Life in Civil Liberties: I,” 62; Baldwin, Reminiscences, 68; Baldwin, “How I” Took the Veil': A Little Story for Friends, 15 November 1918, 1, Baldwin Papers.64 Baldwin, letter to Local Board 129, Baldwin Papers.65 Baldwin to Keppell, 16 September 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐86.66 M. Churchill to Intelligence Officer, Camp Wadsworth, S.C., 24 September 1918, MIDD, 10902–13.67 Walker, In Defense of American Liberties, 39.68 Biddle to Director of Military Intelligence, 11 October 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐86; Keppel to Major Wrisley Brown, 11 October 1918, MIDD, 10902‐13‐86.69 R. W. Finch, “IN RE: RADICAL DISTURBANCE,” Talk of ‘Revolution’ in U.S., 2, MIDD, 10901‐13‐86X.70 Department Intelligence Office, Chicago, Illinois, “Report: The Fellowship of Reconciliation,” 23 September 1919, MIDD, 10902‐13.71 Colonel Gordon Johnston and Captain John B. Campbell to Intelligence Officer, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 3 May 1920, MIDD, 10902–13.72 Colonel Perry Weidner, “Extra Special: Roger N. Baldwin,” 13 April 1926, MIDD, 10902–13.73 Johnson, The Challenge to American Freedoms, 36–38

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