The First Crusade in Late Medieval Exempla

Notes1. Jacques LeGoff, The Medieval Imagination, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago: University Press, 1988), 78. For content, intent, and intended audience of the exempla, see J.‐Th. Welter, L'Exemplum dans la literature religieuse et didactique du moyen age (Paris: E. H. Guitard, 1927; reprint New York: AMS Press, 1973); Claude Bremond, Jacques LeGoff, and Jean‐Claude Schmitt, “L'Exemplum” (Turnhout: Brepols, 1982); Bronisław Geremek, The Common Roots of Europe, trans. Jan Aleksandrowicz, et al. (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1996), 40–69; Jacques LeGoff, “Introduction,” in Les exempla médiévaux: nouvelles perspectives, eds. Jacques Berlioz and Maria Anne Polo de Beaulieu (Paris: H. Champion, 1998), 11–17; Claude Bremond, “L'exemplum medieval est‐li un genre littéraire?,” in Les exempla médiévaux, 21–28; Peter von Moos, “L'exemplum et les exempla des prêchers,” in Les exempla médiévaux, 67–81. 2. Penny J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095–1270 (Cambridge, Mass: Medieval Academy of America, 1991), 14, 18, 22, 24, 27–32. See also Colin Morris, “Propaganda for War: The Dissemination of the Crusading Ideal in the Twelfth Century,”Studies in Church History, 20 (1983): 79–101; James M. Powell, “Myth, Legend, Propaganda, History: The First Crusade, 1140–ca. 1300,” in Autor de la Première Croisade, ed. Michel Balard (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1996), 127–41.3. Ottonis Episcopi Frisingensis et Rahewini, Gesta Frederici, ed. Fanz‐Joseph Schmale (Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1965), 202; translation from Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, trans. & ed. Ernst F. Henderson (London: G. Bell, 1912), 334. See also Powell, “Myth, Legend, Propaganda, History,” 134–36. 4. Christoph Maier, Crusade Propaganda and Ideology: Model Sermons for the Preaching of the Cross (Cambridge: University Press, 2000), 9–10, 29, 154, 155. 5. Gunther of Pairis, Hystoria Constantinopolitana, ed. Peter Orth, Spolia Berolinensia 5 (Hildesheim: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1994), 113; Cole, Preaching of the Crusades, 94–95. 6. Geoffrey M. Meyers, “The Manuscripts of the Cycle,” in The Old French Crusade Cycle. Volume I: La Naissance du Chevalier au Cygne, eds. Emanuel J. Mickel and Jan A. Nelson (Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1977), xii–xv. 7. Reinhold Röhricht, ed., Quinti belli sacri scriptores minores (Geneva: J. G. Fick, 1879), vii–x, 20; Christoph T. Maier, Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge: University Press, 1994), 114; Cole, Preaching of the Crusades, 117–26. 8. For this error, see Röhricht, Quinti belli sacri, ix note 2; Cole, Preaching of the Crusades, 124. 9. A. Lecoy de la Marche, ed., Anecdotes historiques. Légendes et apologues tirés du recueil inédit d'Étienne de Bourbon (Paris: Librairie Renouard, 1877), 442; Welter, L'Exemplum dans la literature religieuse et didactique du moyen age, 215–23. 10. Willelmi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi, Chronicon, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis 63 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1986), 446–47. 11. Lecoy de la Marche, Anecdotes historiques, 91. 12. Petrus Tudebodus, Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere, eds. John Hugh Hill and Laurita L. Hill (Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1977), 79–80. 13. Suzanne Duparc‐Quioc, ed., La Chanson d'Antioche, 2 vols. (Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1977–78), 1: 212–32; Li Estoire de Jerusalem et d'Antioche, Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Occidentaux, 5 vols. (Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1844–95; reprint Farnborough, Hants, UK: Gregg, 1967), 5: cxxxvii, 634. 14. James A. Brundage, “Humbert of Romans and the Legitimacy of Crusader Conquests,” in The Horns of Hattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar (London: Variorum, 1992), 302–06; Penny Cole, “Humbert of Romans and the Crusade,” in The Experience of Crusading, eds. Marcus Bull and Norman Housley, 2 vols. (Cambridge: University Press, 2003), 2: 157–74; Cole, Preaching of the Crusades, 202–17; Maier, Preaching the Crusades, 114–16. 15. Humbert of Romans, De Praedicacione Crucis (Nuremburg, Peter Wagner, c.1495), Chapters 10, 16, 39, 41. 16. Ibid., Chapter 40. 17. Spellings of this title vary; this form will be used throughout. 18. Humbert of Romans, De Praedicacione Crucis, Chapter 26. 19. John Hugh and Laurita L. Hill, eds., Le «Liber» de Raymond d'Aguilers (Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1969), 117–18. 20. Iacopo da Varazze, Legenda Aurea, ed. Giovanni Paolo Maggioni, 2d ed., 2 vols. (Florence: SISMEL, 1998), 2: 1070. 21. Bremond, LeGoff, and Schmitt, “L'Exemplum,” 56–59. 22. Jean Gobi, La scala coeli, ed. Marie‐Anne Polo de Beaulieu (Paris: Edition du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1991), 529–30, 534–35. 23. Ibid., 589. 24. Ibid., 535. 25. Hugh and Hill, Le «Liber» de Raymond d'Aguilers, 112–16. 26. Gobi, La scala soeli, 533. 27. Jacques de Vitry, Histoire des Croisades, ed. M. Guizot (Paris: Brière, 1825), 58. See also Willelmi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi, Chronicon, 332–33. 28. Gobi, La scala coeli, 535–36. 29. Hugh and Hill, Le «Liber» de Raymond d'Aguilers, 108–09. 30. Gobi, La scala coeli, 530. 31. London, British Library, MS Arundel 52, folio 113v. 32. Willelmi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi, Chronicon, 408, 414–15; Hugh and Hill, Le «Liber» de Raymond d'Aguilers, 151. 33. London, British Library, MS Arundel 52, folio 113v. 34. Fulcheri Carnotensis, Historia Hierosolymitana, ed. Heinrich Hagenmeyer (Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1913), 304; Willelmi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi, Chronicon, 412–13. 35. Jonathan Riley‐Smith, The First Crusaders, 1095–1131 (Cambridge: University Press, 1997), 156–57. For more on Thomas de Marle's colorful career, see Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (New York: Knopf, 1978), 7–9. 36. For example: London, British Library, MS Royal 7 D I, folio 90; J.‐Th. Welter, ed., Le Speculum Laicorum (Paris: A. Picard, 1914), 49–50, 130, note 240. 37. London, British Library, MS Arundel 52, folio 113v. 38. Röhricht, Quinti belli sacri, 25. 39. Alberti Aquensis, Historia Hierosolymitana, Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, 4: 507–08; Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols. (Cambridge: University Press, 1951–54), 1: 308–09. 40. Joannes de Bromyard, Summa Praedicantium (Venice: Dominicum Nicolium, 1586), folios 163–163v. I am grateful to Dr. Peter Binkley of the University of Alberta Libraries for bringing these references to the Hystoria Antiochena in Bromyard's work to my attention. 41. Bromyard, Summa Praedicantium, folios 97v–98. 42. Iacopo da Varazze, Legenda Aurea, 1: 398. 43. Bromyard, Summa Praedicantium, folios 99, 167. 44. Hugh and Hill, Le «Liber» de Raymond d'Aguilers, 152; Willelmi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi, Chronicon, 421–22. 45. Welter, L'Exemplum, 219, note 10. 46. Welter, L'Exemplum, 98. 47. Duparc‐Quioc, La Chanson d'Antioche, 2: 29–30, 92–94. 48. Iacopo da Varazze, Legenda Aurea, 1: xlviii, 398, note 139. 49. Historia Nicaena vel Antiochena, Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, 5: xxxi–xxxii, 134–85. 50. Fulcheri Carnotensis, Historia Hierosolymitana, 495–501. 51. Gobi, La scala coeli, 330. 52. Gregorii Episcopi Turonensis, Liber in Gloria Martyrum, ed. Bruno Krusch, Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum, 2 vols (Hanover: Hahn, 1951–69), 1: 41; Iacopo da Varazze, Legenda Aurea, 1: 468. 53. Gobi, La scala coeli, 339. 54. Thomas Frederick Crane, ed., The Exempla or Illustrative Stories from the Sermones Vulgares of Jacques de Vitry, Publications of the Folklore Society 26 (London: D. Nutt, 1890), 57, 188. See also Mary Macleod Banks, ed., An Alphabet of Tales. An English 15th Century Translation of the Alphabetum Narrationum of Etienne de Besançon, Early English Text Society, Original Series 126–27, 2 vols. (London: K. Paul, 1904–05), 2: 334. 55. Clemente Sánchez de Vercial, Libro de los Exenplos por A. B. C., eds. John E. Keller and Connie L. Scarbourough (Madrid: Ars Libris, 2000), 250–51. 56. Stephani de Borbone, Tractatus de Diversis Materiis Predicabilibus, Prima Pars: De Dono Timoris, ed. Jacques Berlioz, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis 124 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2003), 276–77

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• Crusade Propaganda and Ideology

  Open Access•Christoph T Maier•Crusade Propaganda and Ideology•2000

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• Propaganda for War the Dissemination of the Crusading Ideal in the Twelfth Century

  Open Access•Colin Morris•Studies in Church History•1983

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