Another Look at Lord John Russell and the Papal Aggression, 1850

Notes1. R. J. Klaus, “The Pope, the Protestants, and the Irish: Papal Aggression and Anti‐Catholicism in Mid‐Nineteenth Century England” (Ph.D. diss., University of Iowa, 1973), 191–95; Thomas P. Joyce, The Restoration of the Catholic Hierarchy in England and Wales, 1850: A Study of Certain Public Reactions (Rome, 1966), 34–35, 43–44; Walter Ralls, “The Papal Aggression of 1850: A Study in Victorian Anti‐Catholicism,”Church History 43 (1974): 249–53; G.I.T. Machin, “Lord John Russell and the Prelude to the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, 1846–51,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 25 (1974): 277–94; G.I.T. Machin, Politics and the Churches in Great Britain, 1832 to 1868 (Oxford, 1977), 209–10; J. B. Conacher, The Peelites and the Party System, 1846–52 (Newton Abbot, England, 1972), 76; John Nikol, “The Oxford Movement in Decline: Lord John Russell and the Tractarians, 1846–1852,” Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 43 (1974): 341–58.2. Lady J. Russell to Lady Mary Abercromby, 29 November 1850, in Desmond McCarthy and Agatha Russell, eds., Lady John Russell, A Memoir, 3rd ed. (London, 1911), 110–11.3. Kennedy F. Roche, “The Relations of the Catholic Church and the State in England and Ireland, 1800–52,”Historical Studies, III: Papers Read before the Fourth Irish Conference of Historians (London, 1961), 12–14; R.K. Donovan, “The Denominational Character of English Catholic Charitable Effort, 1800–1865,” Catholic Historical Review 42 (1976): 204; Elie Halévy, A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century, trans E. I. Watkin, 6 vols. (New York, 1961), 4: 92–95; D. C. Paz, “Working‐Class Education and the State, 1839–1849: The Sources of Government Policy,” Journal of British Studies 16 (1976): 141–47.4. For the religious dimensions of social legislation, see D. G. Paz, Politics of Working‐Class Education in Britain, 1830–50 (Manchester, England, 1980); and J. L. Alexander, “Lord John Russell and the Origins of the Committee of Council on Education,” Historical Journal 20 (1977): 395–415. Debates on Watson's and Anstey's initiatives are in 3 Hansard, 49 (1843), 82 (1845), 83–87 (1846), 89–91 (1847), 95–96 (1847–48), 102 (1849), and 108 (1850).5. Donald H. Akenson, The Irish Education Experiment (London and Toronto, 1970), 59–122; Lawrence J. McCaffrey, The Irish Question, 1800–1922 (Lexington, Ky., 1968), 32–73; Kevin B. Nowland, The Politics of Repeal: A Study in the Relations between Great Britain and Ireland, 1841–50 (London and Toronto, 1965).6. Russell to Lansdowne, n.d. [1847],' Lansdowne Papers, Bowood House (by permission to the Marquess of Lansdowne); O'Ferrall to Grey, 6 August 1847; Clarendon to Grey, 20 August 1847; and C. Wood to Grey, 26 August 1847, all in Grey of Howick Papers, University of Durham; J. H. Whyte, The Independent Irish Party, 1850–59 (Oxford, 1958), 45–51.7. Memorandum by Lord John Russell, 27 October 1848, Broadlands Archives, National Register of Archives (NRA), CAB/A/54 (by permission of the Trustees of the Broadlands Archives); Russell to Lansdowne, 17 November 1848, Lansdowne Papers, Bowood House; Russell to Clarendon, 2 November 1849, Russell Papers, Public Record Office (PRO), P.R.O. 30/22/8F, ff. 150–51; John Prest, Lord John Russell (London, 1972), 289–92; Nowland, Politics of Repeal, 198, 220–27.8. Clarendon to Russell, 30 October 1847, Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/22/6F, f. 268.9. Clarendon to Grey, 29 October 1847, Grey of Howick Papers, University of Durham, 3 Hansard, 82 (1845), 284–89; 85 (1846), 1280; 87 (1946), 191; and 90 (1847), 493–94; McHale to Peel, 28 June 1842 (signed “Archbishop of Tuam”), Peel Papers, British Museum (BM), Add. MS. 40, 511, f. 146; Peel to McHale, 2 July 1842 (salutation reading “Revd. Sir”), ibid., f. 148.10. Conflated from 3 Hansard, 82 (1845), 290, and 83 (1846), 501.11. Roche, “Catholic Church and the State,” 19–20; Russell to Lansdowne, 5 Feb. 1848, Lansdowne Papers, Bowood House; Clarendon to Russell, 25 November 1847, Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/22/6G, f. 242; Shrewsbury to Palmerston, 4 January 1848, Broadlands Archives, NRA, GC/SH/157; 3 Hansard 96–101 (1847–48).12. John Bossy, The English Catholic Community, 1570–1850 (London, 1975), 26–40, 49–61, 72–74, 210–11, 323–60; Richard J. Schiefen, “‘Anglo‐Gallicanism’ in Nineteenth Century England,” Catholic Historical Review 63 (1977): 15–16, 42–44; James J. Sack, “The Grenvilles' Eminence Grise: The Reverend Charles O'Conor and the Latter Days of Anglo‐Gallicanism,” Harvard Theological Review 72 (1979): 123–42; R. J. Schiefen, “The Organization and Administration of Roman Catholic Dioceses in England and Wales in the Mid‐Nineteenth Century” (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1970), 15–28, 61–66; Bernard Ward, The Sequel to Catholic Emancipation, 2 vols. (London, 1915), 1:9–10, 62–63, 122–34; Wilfrid Ward, The Life and Times of Cardinal Wiseman, 2 vols. (London, 1897), 1:462–79, 502–27; William Ullathorne, History of the Restoration of the Catholic Hierarchy in England (London, 1871), 23–78; Ullathorne to Russell, 10 February 1851, in G. P. Gooch, ed., The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell, 1840–1878, 2 vols. (London, 1925), 2: 59–61; Report of the Select. Committee on Ecclesiastical Titles and Roman Catholic Relief Acts, Parliamentary Papers, 1867, 8 (503), 74–75.13. G. M. Young and W. D. Handcock, eds., English Historical Documents, 1833–1874 (New York, 1956), 365–66.14. Times, 9, 14, 22, 24, 26, 29, 30 October 1850; Standard, 24 October, 4 November 1850; Illustrated London News, 26 October 1850; Russell to Victoria, 25 October 1850, in A. C. Benson and Viscount Esher, eds., The Letters of Queen Victoria, Ist ser., 3 vols. (London, 1907), 2: 326; Russell to C. J. Blomfield, 30 October 1850, in Spencer Walpole, The Life of Lord John Russell, 2 vols. (London, 1889), 2: 119.15. Russell to Victoria, 25 October 1850, Benson and Esher, Victoria, 2: 326.16. Russell to Maltby, 4 November 1850, Young and Handcock, Documents, 367–69.17. Times, 7 November 1850; Illustrated London News, 9 November 1850; Standard, 7 November 1850; Globe and Traveller, 7 November 1850; letters to Russell from Lord Portman, 7 November 1850, Sir G. C. Lewis, 7 November 1850, Sir B. Guest, 8 November 1850, J. B. Sumner, 9 November 1850, Lord Fortescue, 11 November 1850, and Sir G. Sinclair, 14 November 1850, in Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/22/8F.18. D. G. Paz, “Popular Anti‐Catholicism in England, 1850–1851,”Albion 11 (1979): 331–59.19. Wilfrid Ward, Ottavio Bariě, and G. I. T. Machin allege that Wiseman's memorandum prompted the government to initiate the mission, but such was not the case; Minto had already left London when Wiseman returned (Ward, Wiseman, 1: 484; Bariě, L'Inghilterra e il problema Italiano: la missione di Lord Minto [Milan, 1955], 117–18; Machin, Politics and the Churches, 211). H.M. Addington to Russell, 11 September 1847, Russell Papers, P.R.O. 30/22/6F, ff. 61–62; Palmerston to Russell, 11 September 1847, Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/22/6F, ff. 61–62; Palmerston to Russell, 14 September 1847, ibid. f. 74; Wiseman to Palmerston, 13 September 1847, in Ward, Wiseman, 1:482–84; 571–77; Palmerston to Russell, 21 August 1847, Gooch, Later Correspondence, 1:308; H.M. Addington to Minto, 18 September 1847, Minto Papers, National Library of Scotland (NLS), MS. 12,081.20. The best accounts of the Minto mission are in Bariě, L'Inghilterra e il problema Italiano, 109–64; A.J.P. Taylor, The Italian Problem in European Diplomacy, 1847–1849 (Manchester and New York, 1970), 30–68; and Giacomo Martina, Pio IX, 1846–1850 (Rome, 1974), 164–93.21. Wiseman to Russell, 3 November 1850, in Ward, Wiseman, 1: 535; Nicholas Wiseman, An Appeal to the Reason and Good Feeling of the English People on the Subject of the Catholic Hierarchy, 3rd ed. (London, 1850), 23; Lieven to Aberdeen, 10 February 1851, in E. Jones Parry, Ed., The Correspondence of Lord Aberdeen and Princess Lieven, 2 vols. Camden Third Series, vol. 62 (London, 1939), 2:543–44; Times, 22 October 1850; R. W. Grey (Russell's secretary) to Thomas Hartley, 28 October 1850, Standard, 1, 7 November 1850; 3 Hansard, 114 (1851), 156, 183, 355.22. Patrick J. Corish, “The Restoration of the English Catholic Hierarchy,”Irish Ecclesiastical Record, 5th ser., 74 (1950): 293; E.E.Y. Hales, Pio Nono: A Study in European Politics and Religion in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1954), 140–41; Charles Pouthas, Le pontificat de Pie IX (Paris, 1968), 262–63.23. Prest, Russell, 319; Conacher, Peelites, 75; Llewellyn Woodward, The Age of Reform, 1815–1870, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1962), 522; Machin, Politics and the Churches, 213–14; Klaus, “Pope, Protestants, and Irish,” 101–2, 109; John Nikol, “The Oxford Movement in Decline: Lord John Russell, the Tractarians, and the Church of England, 1846–1852” (Ph.D. diss., Fordham University, 1972), 179–80; Joyce, Restoration, 35.24. Minto to Palmerston, 12 November 1847, Broadlands Archives, NRA, GC/MI/466; Minto to Palmerston, 14 November 1847, ibid., GC/MI/467/3; Minto to Palmerston, 14 April 1848, ibid., GC/MI/490; Minto to Russell, 15 November 1847, Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/33/6G, f. 128.25. Minto to Russell, 7 November 1847, Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/22/6G, ff. 65–66.26. Rev. Ferdinand English to the Earl of Arundel and Surrey, 8 December 1847, and Rev. Thomas Grant to Arundel and Surrey, 18 November 1847, Arundel Castle Archives (by permission of his Grace the Duke of Norfolk).27. Minto to Palmerston, 27 November 1847, Broadlands Archives, NRA, GC/MI/470/1; Shrewsbury to C. Baillie‐Hamilton, 4 November 1847, ibid., GC/MI/470/2; Minto to Shrewsbury, 27 November 1847 (copy), ibid., GC/MI/470/3–4; G. Baillie‐Hamilton to Minto, 15 November 1847, Minto Papers, NLS, MS. 12,081; Minto to Russell, 18 November 1847 (copy), ibid., MS. 12,070.28. Shrewsbury's letters are in Minto Papers, NLS, MSS. 12,082 and 12,083.29. Connelly to Minto, 26 December 1847, Minto Papers, NLS, MS. 12,080; Connelly to Minto, 7 February 1848, ibid., MS. 12,083; Minto to Palmerston, 16 January 1848 (copy), ibid., MS 12,080; Minto to Connelly, 20 January 1848 (copy), Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/22/7A, f. 157.30. Minto to Palmerston, 16 January 1848 (copy), Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/22/7A, f. 135; Minto to Russell, 23 October 1850, in Gooch, Later Correspondence, 2: 47–49; Minto to Ralph Abercromby, 30 October 1850 (copy), Minto Papers, NLS, MS. 12,080.31. Minto to Russell, 21 November 1850, in Gooch, Later Correspondence, 2: 53–54.32. J. Hamilton to Minto, 28 December 1850, Minto Papers, NLS, MS. 12,080.33. The spotty nature of Minto's journal (Minto Papers, NLS, MS. 12,069) makes it impossible to verify the conversation.34. Hamilton to Minto, 4, 28, 30 December 1850, 19 January 1851 (copy), all in Minto Papers, NLS, MS. 12,080; Minto to Russell, 10 January 1851, Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/22/9A, f. 87; Minto to Palmerston, 7 January 1851, Broadlands Archives, NRA, GC/MI/499.35. Embassy and Consular Archives: Italy: Correspondence, PRO, F.O. 170/43–5; Foreign Office General Correspondence: Italy: Earl of Minto's Mission, PRO, F.O. 44.36. Joyce, Restoration, 35.37. Discussions with Dr. I.F. Maciver, Assistant Keeper of Manuscripts at the National Library of Scotland, engaged in cataloguing the Minto Papers, were helpful.38. Ward, Wiseman, 1: 524–25; Wiseman to Russell, 3 November 1850, ibid., 534–36; Halévy, English People, 4:367.39. Hansard, 95 (1847–48), 816; 96 (1847–48), 719, 746–48; 101 (1847–48), 212, 214, 220, 229–30, 512.40. Ibid., 101 (1847–48), cols. 219–20.41. Minto to Russell, 19 October 1850, Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/22/81, ff. 76–77; Blomfield to Russell, 23 October 1850, ibid., f. 98; Palmerston to Russell, 28 December 1850, ibid., f. 353; Blomfield to Russell, 7 December 1850, ibid., ff. 353–55; Sir G. Grey to Russell, 27 December 1850, ibid., P.R.O. 30/22/8G, ff. 84–85; Russell to Edward Ellice, 21 December 1850, Ellice Papers, NLS, MS. E 49, ff. 133–34.42. Lord E. Howard to Russell, 2 November 1850, Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/22/8F, ff. 144–45; Palmerston to Russell, 11 November 1850, ibid., f. 197; T. Chisholm Anstey to Russell, 18 January 1851, ibid., P.R.O. 30/22/9A, ff. 152–53; Palmerston to Normanby, 20 January 1851 (copy), ibid., ff. 176–80; Lord E. Howard to Russell, 21 January 1851, ibid., ff. 186–89; Sir J. Romilly to Russell, 27 January 1851, ibid., ff. 252–54.43. Palmerston to Russell, 21 October 1850, ibid., P.R.O. 30/22/8F, ff. 86–87; 3 Hansard, 101 (1847–48), 220; memorandum of Russell, 2 November 1850, Broadlands Archives, NRA, GC/RU/373; Russell to Palmerston, 9 December 1850, ibid., GC/RU/384; Victoria to Russell, 8 December 1850, in Benson and Esher, Victoria, 2:334.44. Palmerston to Russell, 19 December 1850, Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/22/8G, ff. 29–30; Lansdowne to Russell, 24 December 1850, ibid., f. 69; Palmerston to Russell, 16 January 1851, ibid., P.R.O. 30/22/9A, ff. 130–33; Palmerston to Russell, 18 January 1851, ibid., ff. 156–57; Palmerston to Russell, 20 January 1851, Broadlands Archives, NRA, GC/RU/1081/1–2.45. Russell to Palmerston, 17 March 1851, Broadlands Archives, NRA, GC/RU/405; Russell to Victoria, 4 September 1850, ibid., GC/RU/360 (Palmerston's comment in margin).46. Minto to Russell, 8 December 1850, Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/22/8F, 351; Ellice to Russell, 12 December 1850, ibid., f. 379; Minto to Russell, 18 December 1850, ibid, P.R.O. 30/22/8G, f. 21; Sir G. Grey to Russell, 30 December 1850, ibid., f. 119; Lansdowne to Russell, [January 1851], ibid., P.R.O. 30/22/9A, f. 13; memorandum of Lord Truro, n.d., ibid., P.R.O. 30/22/9K, f. 76; Palmerston to R.L. Sheil, 3 April 1851, Broadlands Archives, NRA, GC/SH/152; Lansdowne to Holland, 29 November 1850, Holland House Papers, BM, Add. MS. 52,059, f. III; Clarendon to Lord Grey, 19, 24 January and 6 March 1851, and Lord Grey to Clarendon, 21 January 1851; Grey of Howick Papers, University of Durham.47. John Cam Hobhouse, Lord Broughton, Recollections of a Long Life, Lady Dorchester, ed., 6 vols. (London, 1911), 4: 121, 340; Walpole, Russell, 1: 172–73, 199–201; Prest, Russell, 66, 123, 201–2; R. H. Cameron, “Lord Melbourne's Second Administration and the Opposition, 1837–1841” (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1970), 22–25; Abraham D. Kriegel, ed., The Holland House Diaries, 1831–1840 (London and Boston, 1977), 252, 468; T.H.S. Escott, Great Victorians, Memories and Personalities (New York, 1916), 212, 216; Donald Southgate, The Passing of the Whigs, 1832–1886 (London, 1962), 50.48. Prest, Russell, 345–50; Paz, Working‐Class Education, 79–94; Alexander, “Origins of the Committee of Council,” 405–9; Cameron, “Melbourne's Second Administration,” 236–37. Discussions with Dr. R. H. Cameron of St. Mary's University, Halifax, N.S., have broadened my understanding of Russell's character.49. A.J.P. Taylor, Essays in English History (London, 1976), 72.50. Russell to O'Connell, 9 May 1830, in Walpole, Russell, 1: 321.51. Russell to Lansdowne, 10 November 1847, Lansdowne Papers, Bowood House.52. John Russell, Recollections and Suggestions, 1813–1873 (Boston, 1875), 118–24, 118, 375.53. Walpole, Russell, 1: 283.54. Russell to Melbourne, 6 February 1843, Russell Papers, PRO, P.R.O. 30/22/4C, f. 68.55. Prest, Russell, 277.56. Ibid., 78

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• The Grenvilles' Eminence Grise

  Open Access•James J Sack•Harvard Theological Review•1979

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• Lord John Russell and the Prelude to The Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, 1846–51

  Open Access•G I T Machin•The Journal of Ecclesiastical…•1974

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• Working-Class Education and the State, 1839–1849

  Open Access•D G Paz•Journal of British Studies•1976

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• Lord John Russell and the Origins of the Committee of Council on Education

  Open Access•Jim Alexander, J L Alexander•The Historical Journal•1977

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