The Crisisin the Great War

Notes1. W. E. B. Du bois, “Close Ranks,” The Crisis 16 (July 1918): 111. 2. Mark Ellis, “ ‘Closing Ranks’ and ‘Seeking Honors’: W. E. B. Du Bois in World War I,” The Journal of American History 79 (June 1992): 96–124; Ellis, “W. E. B. Du Bois and the Formation of Black Opinion in World War I: A Commentary on ‘The Damnable Dilemma,’ ” ibid., 1584–90. The topic is also discussed in David L. Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919 (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1993), 531–32, 553–60. However, Mark Ellis was the first and most thorough presenter for the “conspiracy” school of thought.3. Ellis, “W. E. B. Du Bois and the Formation of Black Opinion,” 1584, 1588–89. 4. Ibid., 1584. 5. Ibid., 1584, 1588–89. 6. Ellis, “‘Closing Ranks’ and ‘Seeking Honors,’ ” 100. 7. Jordan, 1563–64, 1575–78. 8. Ibid., 1578. 9. Ibid., 1580. 10. Ibid., 1563–64, 1575–78. 11. Du bois, “Fifty Thousand,” The Crisis 15 (December 1917): 61; Lewis, 552, 578; Du Bois, “The Enlarged Crisis,” ibid. 17 (November 1918): 7; “One Hundred Thousand,” ibid. 15 (April 1918): 267; “One Hundred Thousand,” ibid. 15 (February 1918): 163; “Pushing The Crisis,” ibid. 16 (June 1918): 61; Manning Marable, W. E. B. Du Bois: Black Radical Democrat (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1986), 97.12. Charles F. Kellogg, NAACP: A History of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Volume 1, 1909–1920 (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1967), 9–30; Kevin K. Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 66; Carolyn Wedin, Inheritors of the Spirit: Mary White Ovington and the Founding of the NAACP (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1998), 105–11; Neil A. Wynn, From Progressivism to Prosperity: World War I and American Society (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1986), 171–74; B. Joyce Ross, J. E. Spingarn and the Rise of the NAACP, 1911–1939 (New York: Atheneum, 1972), 16–17, 44. 13. Du bois, “The Paradox,” The Crisis 9 (December 1914): 68; Marable, 12, 16–17; Lewis, 77–78, 503, 515; Du Bois, “World War and the Color Line,” ibid. 9 (November 1914): 29.14. Ibid., 29; Lewis, 515; Du bois, “The World War,” The Crisis 9 (December 1914): 69;“Germany,” ibid. 11 (February 1916): 186.15. Du Bois, “World War and the Color Line,” 29. 16. Du Bois, “The World Last Month,” ibid. 14 (May 1917): 8; “World War and the Color Line,” 29; “Resolutions of the Washington Conference,” ibid. 14 (June 1917): 59; Lewis, 525; Marable, 94. 17. Du Bois, “Along the Color Line,” ibid. 8 (July 1914): 114; “Black Soldiers,” ibid. 12 (August 1916): 184–85. 18. Du Bois, “Black Soldiers,” ibid. 15 (November 1917): 33; “Young,” ibid. 11 (March 1916): 240–41; “Military,” ibid. 12 (August 1916): 194; Lewis, 175–76, 463, 517, 532–34; Du Bois, “Colored Soldiers,” ibid. 8 (June 1914): 71–72; Bernard C. Nalty, Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military (New York: The Free Press, 1986), 60, 66. 19. Du bois, “The African Roots of War,” Atlantic Monthly 115 (May 1915): 707–08; Gerald Horne, Black and Red: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Afro‐American Response to the Cold War, 1944–1963 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986), 6–7; “Resolutions of the Washington Conference,” 59; Lewis, 504; Marable, 94; Du Bois, “World War and the Color Line,” 28.20. Du bois, “Lusitania,” The Crisis 10 (June 1915): 81;“The Great War,” ibid., 76; “The African Roots of War,” 708–10; Lewis, 504–05; Marable, 94.21. Du Bois, “Lusitania,” 81. 22. Du Bois, “The African Roots of War,” 708–10; “Lusitania,” 81; “The Great War,” 76; Lewis, 504–05; Marable, 94. 23. Du Bois, “Lusitania,” 81. 24. Du bois, “Of the Children of Peace,” The Crisis 8 (October 1914): 290. 25. Ibid.; Du Bois, “The African Roots of War,” 711; “Lusitania,” 81; “The Great War,” 76–77; Marable, 93; Du Bois, “World War and the Color Line,” 28. 26. Du Bois, “The African Roots of War,” 711. 27. Du Bois, “Lusitania,” 81; “The Great War,” 76–77. 28. Du Bois, “Germany,” 187; “The World War,” ibid. 9 (November 1914): 15; “Foreign,” ibid. 12 (May 1916): 13–14. 29. Du Bois, “The Battle of Europe,” ibid. 12 (September 1916): 216–17; “The Black Soldier,” ibid. 16 (June 1918): 60; “The War,” ibid. 10 (July 1915): 125; “The Future of Africa,” ibid. 15 (January 1918): 114. 30. Du Bois, “The Battle of Europe,” 216–17. 31. Ibid.; Du Bois, “The Black Soldier,” 60; “The War,” 125; “The Future of Africa,” 114. 32. Du Bois, “The Black Soldier,” 60. 33. Du Bois, “Resolutions of the Washington Conference,” 59; “The Black Soldier,” 60; “Soldiers,” ibid. 12 (May 1916): 40; “Soldiers,” The Crisis 11 (April 1916): 310;“Awake America,” ibid. 14 (September 1917): 216; Keith Krawczynski, “World War I,” in A Historical Context for the African‐American Military Experience, eds. Steven D. Smith and James A. Zeidler (Champaign, Ill.: US Army Corps of Engineers, 1998), https://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/ES‐Programs/Conservation/Legacy/AAME/aame3.html#6%20World%20War%2020I (accessed 29 October 2007).34. Public Broadcasting Service, “Wilson—A Portrait: African Americans,” American Experience, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/Wilson/portrait/wp_african.html (accessed 23 February 2008). 35. Christine A. Lunardini, “Standing Firm: William Monroe Trotter's Meetings With Woodrow Wilson, 1913–1914,” The Journal of Negro History 64.3 (Summer 1979): 244. 36. Lewis, 423–24. 37. Lunardini, 244; Eric Foner, “Expert Report of Eric Foner,” Information on Admission Lawsuits—University of Michigan, http://www.vpcomm.umich.edu/admissions/legal/expert/toc.html (accessed 23 February 2008); Public Broadcasting Service, “Wilson—A Portrait”; Lewis, 479, 510–11, 522. 38. Ibid., 511. 39. Ibid., 523. 40. Jonathan Hansen, The Lost Promise of Patriotism: Debating American Identity, 1890–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 158. 41. Lewis, 530. 42. Du bois, “War,” The Crisis 14 (May 1917): 87; Lewis, 528–30, 535, 543; Du Bois, ed., “The Spingarn Camp,” ibid. 15 (December 1917): 61; “Officers,” ibid. 14 (June 1917): 60–61; Du Bois, “Soldiers,” ibid. 17 (November 1918): 8; “The Looking Glass: Loyalty,” ibid. 14 (May 1917): 22; Marable, 96; Jami Bryan, “Fighting for Respect: African‐American Soldiers in World War I,” The Army Historical Foundation, http://www.armyhistory.org/armyhistorical.aspx?pgID=868&id=103&exCompID=32 (accessed October 29, 2007).43. Lewis, 553, 557; Du bois, “A Momentous Proposal,” The Crisis 16 (September 1918): 215; Marable, 96.44. Ellis, “ ‘Closing Ranks’ and ‘Seeking Honors,’ ” 96–124; “W. E. B. Du Bois and the Formation of Black Opinion,” 1584–90; Kellogg, 273; Lewis, 555–57; Du Bois, “Close Ranks,” 111; Marable, 96–97; Du Bois, “Resolutions of the Washington Conference,” 60. 45. Du Bois, “Close Ranks,” 111. 46. Ellis, “ ‘Closing Ranks’ and ‘Seeking Honors,’ ” 96–124; “W. E. B. Du Bois and the Formation of Black Opinion,” 1584–90; Kellogg, 273; Lewis, 555–57; Du Bois, “Close Ranks,” 111; Marable, 96–97; Du Bois, “Resolutions of the Washington Conference,” 60. 47. Du bois, “Our Special Grievances,” The Crisis 16 (September 1918): 216. 48. Ibid. 49. Jordan, 1562–83; Ross, 98–101; Du Bois, “A Momentous Proposal,” 215–16; Lewis, 555, 558–60; Ellis, “ ‘Closing Ranks’ and ‘Seeking Honors,’ ” 96–117; “W. E. B. Du Bois and the Formation of Black Opinion,” 1584–90; Kellogg, 272–74; Marable, 96. 50. Du Bois, “A Momentous Proposal,” 215–16. 51. Ibid. 52. Jordan, 1574. 53. Lewis, 554. 54. Hansen, 148. 55. Ibid., 186. 56. Ibid., 175. 57. Lewis, 503. 58. Du bois, “Peace,” The Crisis 17 (December 1918): 59;“The World Last Month,” ibid. 13 (November 1916): 9; “A Philosophy in Time of War,” ibid. 16 (August 1918): 164–65; “Loyalty,” ibid. 14 (May 1917): 8; “We Should Worry,” ibid. 14 (June 1917): 61; “Save,” ibid. 16 (May 1918): 7; Lewis, 535; Nalty, 123.59. Du bois, “Peace,” The Crisis 17 (December 1918), 59. 60. Ibid.; Du bois, “The World Last Month,” The Crisis 13 (November 1916), 9;“A Philosophy in Time of War,” 164–65; “Loyalty,” 8; “We Should Worry,” 61; “Save,” 7; Lewis, 535; Nalty, 123.61. Du Bois, “The Peace Conference,” ibid. 17 (January 1919): 111–12; Marable, 100–02; Du Bois, “War History,” ibid. 17 (December 1918): 61; Lewis, 561–63; Du Bois, “The History of The Great War,” ibid. 18 (June 1919): 59–60. 62. Du Bois, “Vive La France!” ibid. 17 (March 1919): 215. 63. Ibid.; Du Bois, “The Black Man in the Revolution of 1914–1918,” ibid. 17 (March 1919): 218. 64. Du Bois, “Vive La France!” 215. 65. Du Bois, “For What?” ibid. 17 (April 1919): 268; “French and Spanish,” ibid. 17 (April 1919): 269. 66. Ibid. 67. Du Bois, “Vive La France!” 215; “For What?” 268; “French and Spanish,” 269; “The Black Man in the Revolution of 1914–1918,” 218. 68. Du bois, “My Mission,” The Crisis 18 (May 1919): 7–9. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. Du bois, “An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War,” The Crisis 18 (June 1919): 63–64;“The Black Man in the Revolution of 1914–1918,” 218.72. Ibid. 73. Du Bois, “An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War,” 63–64; “The Black Man in the Revolution of 1914–1918,” 218. 74. Du Bois, “An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War,” 64–65; Arthur E. Barbeau and Florette Henri, The Unknown Soldiers: African‐American Troops in World War I (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974; reprint, New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 70, 89–91; Gerald Astor, The Right to Fight: A History of African Americans in the Military (Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1998), 108–12. 75. Du Bois, “An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War,” 64–65. 76. Ibid, 64–65; Barbeau and Henri, 70, 89–91; Astor, 108–12. 77. Du Bois, “The Black Man in the Revolution of 1914–1918,” 222. 78. Bryan, “Fighting for Respect”; Krawczynski, “World War I”; Du bois, “Documents of the War,” The Crisis 18 (May 1919): 16–21;“The Black Man in the Revolution of 1914–1918,” 222.79. Du Bois, “An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War,” 87. 80. Du Bois, “An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War,” 71, 87; “The Black Man in the Revolution of 1914–1918,” 220, 222. 81. Ibid.; Du Bois, “An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War,” 71, 87. 82. Du bois, “Our Success and Failure,” The Crisis 18 (July 1919): 127–30. 83. Ibid. 84. Foner, “Expert Report of Eric Foner.” 85. Du bois, “Returning Soldiers,” The Crisis 18 (May 1919): 13–14;“Easter 1919,” ibid. 17 (April 1919): 267; “An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War,” 72; “The Black Man in the Revolution of 1914–1918,” 223.86. Du Bois, “Returning Soldiers,” 14. 87. Ibid., 13–14; Du Bois, “Easter 1919,” 267; “An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War,” 72; “The Black Man in the Revolution of 1914–1918,” 223. 88. Hansen, 166. 89. Ibid., 166–67. 90. Lewis, 525. 91. Hansen, 186. Additional informationNotes on contributorsShane A. SmithShane A. Smith is a Major in the U.S. Air Force. He has an MA in History from East Tennessee State University and an MA in Security Studies from the Naval Postgraduate School

Ancient history · Archaeology · Art · Art history · Biography · Humanities · Spanish Civil War · White (mutation) · History · Philosophy · Race, History, and American Society · Religious studies

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