Australian population norms for paid work productivity and exploratory estimates for unpaid work productivity

Bibliographic Data

ID19392840
AuthorsYeji Baek (0000-0002-0466-7385, Monash University), Melanie Lloyd (0000-0002-3889-5458, Murdoch Children's Research Institute), Sheridan Rodda (0000-0003-2233-5234, Monash University), Janne Martikainen (0000-0003-0855-3921, University of Eastern Finland), JE Martikainen (University of Eastern Finland), Helen Skouteris (0000-0001-9959-5750, Monash University), Zanfina Ademi (0000-0002-0625-3522, Monash University, corresponding author)
Year2026
Pages118847
Publication date2026-01-01
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueSocial Science & Medicine (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0277-9536 • E-ISSN: 1873-5347
PublisherElsevier BV (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118847
OpenAlexW7119518325
LanguageEN
Citations received1
References cited37

The productivity-adjusted life years metric was developed to quantify the impact of disease on work productivity. To establish baseline distributions for comparing disease burdens across health conditions and populations, this study estimated Australian population norms for the paid work productivity index and productivity-adjusted life expectancy (PALE) including exploratory estimates for unpaid work. This study primarily used data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey Wave 22, conducted between 2022 and 2023 (n = 12,819) to estimate paid work time, unpaid work time, and absenteeism. Data on presenteeism were obtained from the Australian Workplace Barometer (AWB) Survey. The productivity index was estimated by dividing actual number of working hours by typical number of working hours, ranging from 0 (completely unproductive) to 1 (completely productive). Due to limited data, unpaid work productivity loss was estimated exploratorily based on paid work productivity loss, and sensitivity analyses were conducted. The sex-specific productivity index by five-year age groups was combined with the Australian life table, using data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), to estimate PALE. PALEs were calculated using no discounting, and 3 % and 5 % discount rates. The population productivity index was 0.831 (0.847 for male; 0.815 for female). At age 15, PALE for male was 51.2 years (undiscounted), 24.0 years (discounted at 3 %), and 16.7 years (discounted at 5 %). For female, PALE was 53.0 years (undiscounted), 23.7 years (discounted at 3 %), and 16.3 years (discounted at 5 %). The estimated population norms for the productivity index and PALE provide a baseline for assessing the productivity-related burden of specific diseases and identifying variations across subpopulations. Additional empirical research, particularly on the measurement of unpaid work productivity, is needed to further refine the underlying assumptions. • Work productivity is essential to individual wellbeing and the societal economy. • Measuring health-related productivity loss is important. • This study provides norms for the productivity index and productivity-adjusted life expectancy. • Population norms help quantify productivity burden across diseases and groups. • Findings can further inform health technology assessments and resource allocation

Australian population · Index (typography) · Life expectancy · Population · Presenteeism · Productivity · Unpaid work · Employment and Welfare Studies · Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life · Workplace Health and Well-being

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