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Bronze Age Economy and Ideology

Central Europe in Focus

Bibliographic Data

ID19448402
AuthorsMargarita Primas (corresponding author)
Year1997
Volume5
Issue1
Pages115-130
Publication date1997-03-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of European Archaeology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0965-7665 • E-ISSN: 2057-7869
PublisherCambridge University Press (CUP) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1179/096576697800703593
OpenAlexW2093612770
LanguageEN
Citations received14
References cited7

The deposition of huge amounts of copper and bronze items is one of the major changes in ritual which distinguishes the European Bronze Age from previous and later periods. A macroeconomic approach has been chosen for characterizing two transitional phases in Central Europe: The beginning of Early Bronze Age and the formation of Late Bronze Age civilization. Both are characterized by new features on two levels: ritual practices and the organisation of exchange. The general acceptance of copper and bronze for a variety of new functions (medium of exchange, symbols of rank, votive offerings) promoted increased demand. Regional response led to technological progress in sulphide copper smelting which expanded continuously. A crash of the Early Bronze Age cultural system in the eastern part of Central Europe is suspected to have completely altered the situation. The following second phase brought a new cultural network and changed the attitude towards bronze. It promoted an incipient economy of demand using weighed metal as a multiple-purpose money. The circulation of scrap metal and ingots, both graded according to weight or size, are relevant indicators. Fragments of ox-hide ingots from southern Germany underscore the wide range of interacting regional systems.The deposition of huge amounts of copper and bronze items is one of the major changes in ritual which distinguishes the European Bronze Age from previous and later periods. A macroeconomic approach has been chosen for characterizing two transitional phases in Central Europe: The beginning of Early Bronze Age and the formation of Late Bronze Age civilization. Both are characterized by new features on two levels: ritual practices and the organisation of exchange. The general acceptance of copper and bronze for a variety of new functions (medium of exchange, symbols of rank, votive offerings) promoted increased demand. Regional response led to technological progress in sulphide copper smelting which expanded continuously. A crash of the Early Bronze Age cultural system in the eastern part of Central Europe is suspected to have completely altered the situation. The following second phase brought a new cultural network and changed the attitude towards bronze. It promoted an incipient economy of demand using weighed metal as a multiple-purpose money. The circulation of scrap metal and ingots, both graded according to weight or size, are relevant indicators. Fragments of ox-hide ingots from southern Germany underscore the wide range of interacting regional systems.Un changement important montrant une différence entre l'Âge du Bronze européenne et les époques plus anciennes et plus jeunes, c'est la déposition rituel d'énormes quantités du cuivre et du bronze. Iei une étude macro-économique sert de caracteriser deux phases de transition on Europe centrale: le début de l'Âge du Bronze Ancien et le commencement de la civilisation du Bronze Récent. Toutes les deux phases se caracterisent par les nouvelles coutumes rituelle et l'organisation de l'echange. L'acceptance générale du cuivre et du bronze comme plusieures nouvelles fonctions (p.c., comme moyen d'échange, les symboles du status, les offrandos ex-voto) a stimule une plus grande intéresse dans les systèmes regionaux qui mène à une accroissement continuelle de la technologie de la fonte du cuivre sulfidique. On propose l'hypothèse que l'effrondrement du système culturel de l'Âge du Bronze Ancien dans la partie orientale de l'Europe centrale a produit d'extrèmes changements. Dans la deuxième phase, après ce changement, a apparu un nouveau réseau culturel et les attitudes différentes en relation du bronze. À ce temps-ci a commencé une économie de la demande, se concentrant sur le metal comme de l'argent avec diverses fonctions. Ou trouve fréquemment la circulation du metal en morceaux et des lingots, tous les deux classes selou la pesanteur ou la taille. Les fragments de lingots dits 'peau de boeuf' de l'Allemegne du sud témoigne à la grande etendue des systèmes regionaux en contact.Die Bronzezeit unterscheidet sich von den vorangehenden und folgenden Period en nicht zuletzt durch ihre Deponierungssitten, die den Einsatz beträchtlicher Mengen von Kupfer und Bronze bedingten. Untersucht man dies en Sachverhalt mit quantitativen Methoden, so zeichnen sich in Mitteleuroa zwei Phaseniibergange deutlich ab: Der Beginn der Frühbronzezeit und die Vor- und Frühstufe der Spätbronzezeit. Für beide sind Veränderungen in zwei Ebenen nachweisbar, im Brauchtum, aber auch in der Organisation von Austauschbeziehungen. Dass Gewichtsrelationen bei der Konkretisierung materieller Werte beachtet wurden, ist schon in der ersten Phase erkennbar. Die allgemeine Akzeptanz der Metalle für ein breites Spektrum neuer Funktionen (Tauschmittel, Rangmarkierung, Votivgaben) hatte eine Nachfragesteigerung zur Folge. Die in Mitteleuropa mit dieser Phase systematisch einsetzende Verhüttung sulfidischer Kupfererze kann als angepasste Reaktion verstanden werden. Nachdem das frühbronzezeitliche System im östlichen Teil Mitteleuropas zusammengebrochen war, formierte sich nach einer Periode der Umstrukturierung ein zweites, wiederum überregionales Netzwerk. Dieses lässt allgemein einen veränderten Umgang mit Metall erkennen; die Geldfunktion des gewogenen Metalls wird deutlicher. Relevante Indikatoren sind die Zirkulation von Brucherz und Barren in abgestuften Grössen- bzw. Gewichtsklassen Fragrnente von Keftiubarren in einem süddeutschen Hort belegen die interkulturelle Vemetzung der regionalen Interaktionssysteme

Ancient history · Archaeology · Bronze · Bronze Age · Chalcolithic · Civilization · Geography · Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies · History · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology

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Unique citing works14
Citations per year0,7
Citation span2006 - 2025 (20)
Citation velocityrecent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 13

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