Domestic Water Use in the United States
A Life‐Cycle Approach
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 19467476 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Angela Arpke, Neil Hutzler, Neil J Hutzler (Michigan Technological University, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2006 |
| Volume | 10 |
| Issue | 1-2 |
| Pages | 169-184 |
| Publication date | 2006-01-01 |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Industrial Ecology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1088-1980 • E-ISSN: 1530-9290 |
| Publisher | Springer Science and Business Media LLC (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1162/108819806775545312 |
| OpenAlex | W2111348289 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 9 |
| References cited | 11 |
Water and energy are two primary natural resources used by building occupants. A life‐cycle assessment (LCA) is performed for water‐consuming plumbing fixtures and water‐consuming appliances during their operational life for four different building types. Within the cycle studied, water is extracted from the natural environment, subjected to water treatment, pumped to buildings for use, collected for wastewater treatment, and discharged back to the natural environment. Specifically, the impacts of water use, electricity and natural gas generation, energy consumption (for water and wastewater treatment, and for water heating), and the manufacture of water and wastewater treatment chemicals are evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively on a generalized national level in the United States of America. It is concluded that water use and consumption within buildings have a much larger impact on resource consumption than the water and wastewater treatment stages of the life cycle. To study this more specifically, the resource consumption of four different building types‐an apartment building, a college dormitory, a motel, and an office building‐is considered. Of these four building types, the apartment has the highest energy consumption (for water and wastewater treatment, and for water heating) per volume of water used, whereas the office building has the lowest. Similarly, the calculated LCA score for the apartment building is typically greater than those of the other three building types
Apartment · Civil engineering · Electricity · Energy consumption · Life-cycle assessment · Natural resource · Waste management · Wastewater · Water consumption · Water cycle · Water use · Building Energy and Comfort Optimization · Computer Science · Engineering · Environmental Science · Wastewater Treatment and Reuse · Water resources management and optimization · Ecology · Environmental Engineering
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| Citations per year | 0.56 |
|---|---|
| Citation span | 2010 - 2021 (12) |
| Highly cited | No |