Reconsideration of the “Out of Africa” Concept as Not Having Enough Proof

Bibliographic Data

ID19485285
AuthorsAnatole A Klyosov (corresponding author)
Year2014
Volume04
Issue01
Pages18-37
Publication date2014-01-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueAdvances in Anthropology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 2163-9353 • E-ISSN: 2163-9361
PublisherScientific Research Publishing, Inc. (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.4236/aa.2014.41004
OpenAlexW2093755778
LanguageEN
Citations received8
References cited62

This is an overview of the “Out of Africa” (OOA) concept and the concept is based upon experimental data. The article shows that said concept is based on data which are—as a rule—interpreted by the OOA proponents in a one-sided manner, that is to “prove” the OOA concept. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup tree in its most ancient part includes a number of nodes-haplogroups, which in the current classification are named A0-T, A1, and A1b. Bearers of those haplogroups are not identified in Africa or elsewhere. However, those three haplogroups are assigned by the proponents of the OOA “by default” to be the “African” haplogroups, which “automatically” makes all non-Africans “African descendants”. In fact, each of the three haplogroups represents a split into African and non-African haplogroups. As a result, the evolution (Y-chromosomal) tree produced at least five waves of migrants to Africa (haplogroups A00, A0, A1a, A1b1, and B), while the rest of the tree consists of four non-African (by origin) haplogroups, that is A0-T, A1, A1b, and BT, along with the downstream subclades of the latter. The tree is confirmed by the analysis employing STR (Short Tandem Repeat) and SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) mutations of the Y-chromosome. Indeed, according to many data, the tree shows a deep split between African and non-African (by origin) lineages. The last split, from haplogroup A1b (into African A1b1 and non-African—by origin—B) occurred 160,000 ± 12,000 years before present. Haplogroup B is by origin a non-African haplogroup, which is very distant—time-wise—from haplogroups A, by at least 250 - 300 thousand years, and could not possibly have descended from haplogroups A1a or A1b1, or their subclades. A similar pattern is observed with the mtDNA haplogroup tree, which shows a deep split between African L0 and non-African (by origin) haplogroups L1-L6. The article shows how recent OOA studies (as well as earlier ones) employ biased interpretations to artificially “prove” the OOA concept. The article shows that the same data can be—and more justifiably—interpreted as incompatible with the OOA concept, and giving support for a “into Africa” concept. It seems that from times of Neanderthals (seemingly having pale skin and fair hair, based on the identified Neanderthal MCR1 melanocortin receptor), our ancestors, of both Africans and non-Africans current populations, lived outside of Africa, apparently in Eurasia or maybe in Europe

Allele · Biology · Evolutionary biology · Gene · Genealogy · Geography · Haplogroup · Haplotype · Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup · Out of africa · Forensic and Genetic Research · History · Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research · Zoonotic diseases and public health · Genetics

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