Climate Change and Environmental Governance in India

This study investigates the interrelationship between climate change, environmental degradation, and the enforcement of environmental laws in Punjab. Despite a strong legal framework—comprising the Environment (Protection) Act, Air Act, and Water Act—implementation remains inconsistent and ineffective. Using an empirical and descriptive research design, data were collected from 100 respondents representing legal professionals, environmental officials, NGOs, doctors, academicians, and the general public. Statistical tools such as Chi-square and Pearson correlation analyses were applied to assess perceptions, awareness, and enforcement challenges. Findings indicate that climate change, industrial pollution, and agricultural practices such as stubble burning are widely recognized as major causes of environmental decline. However, gaps persist in public awareness, inter-departmental coordination, and institutional accountability. Mean scores around 3 suggest moderate confidence in governance, while significant Chi-square values confirm that responses are structured and non-random. Correlation results show strong linkages between pollution, governance, and enforcement perceptions, reflecting an integrated public understanding of environmental issues. The study concludes that while awareness exists, enforcement mechanisms require reform through enhanced transparency, participatory governance, and inter-agency collaboration to achieve sustainable environmental protection in Punjab

Agriculture · Climate change · Corporate governance · Empirical research · Enforcement · Environmental governance · Sustainability · Sustainable development · Environmental law and policy · Regulation and Compliance Studies · Sustainability and Climate Change Governance