Assessing the performance of emerging and existing continuous monitoring solutions under a single-blind controlled testing protocol
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 19568262 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Fancy Cheptonui (0009-0003-0001-8649, Colorado State University), Ethan Emerson (0000-0003-0350-3810, Colorado State University), Chiemezie Ilonze (0000-0003-4231-3278, Colorado State University), Rachel Day (0009-0001-9331-1603, Colorado State University), Ezra Levin, Ezra J T Levin (0000-0001-7390-4877, Colorado State University), Daniel Fleischmann, Daniel F Fleischmann (0000-0002-5493-0620, Colorado State University), Ryan Brouwer (Colorado State University), Daniel Zimmerle (0000-0003-2832-048X, Colorado State University) |
| Year | 2025 |
| Volume | 13 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Publication date | 2025-09-29 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Elementa Science of the Anthropocene (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 2325-1026 • E-ISSN: 2325-1026 |
| Publisher | University of California Press (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1525/elementa.2025.00020 |
| OpenAlex | W4414658601 |
| Language | EN |
| References cited | 16 |
Continuous monitoring (CM) solutions can facilitate faster detection and repair of emissions compared to traditional survey methods. This study tested 13 CM solutions over 12 weeks using single-blind controlled testing. Controlled release rates ranged from 0.08 to 6.75 kg CH4 h−1 and lasted 18 min to 8 h. Six solutions demonstrated 90% method detection limits (DL90s) ranging from 0.5 [0.3, 0.6] kg CH4 h−1 to 6.7 [5.9, 8.0] kg CH4 h−1. Of the 6 solutions, 5 had low False Positive (FP) rates (7.8%–18.9%), and 4 had low False Negative (FN) rates (8.0%–34.1%). Similar to Ilonze et al., the results show that the tested solutions balance method sensitivity with low FP and FN rates. All scanning/imaging solutions achieved high localization precision and accuracy (≥40%) at the equipment unit level. Single quantification estimates exhibited high relative quantification errors, ranging from 33 [0.9, 66]%, 95% confidence interval (CI) to 1326 [1003, 1648]%, 95% CI for small emissions (between 0.1 and 1 kg CH4 h−1) and from 3 [−20, 26]%, 95% CI to 3578 [−2832, 9988]%, 95% CI for large emissions (>1 kg CH4 h−1). The mean detection time for all solutions ranged from 5 h to 5 days. Relative to previous studies, errors in quantification estimates decreased, as did FN and FP rates, with improved DL90s for 2 of the 4 retested solutions. However, the mean detection times increased for 2 solutions, remained constant for one solution, and decreased for 1 of the 4 retested solutions. These findings highlight that continuous, rigorous testing enhances solution performance, with notable improvements observed across multiple testing programs using the same test protocol
Confidence interval · Continuous monitoring · Limits of agreement · Ranging · Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics · Scientific Computing and Data Management · Spectroscopy and Laser Applications
| Citation velocity | historical |
|---|---|
| Highly cited | No |