Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Beyond work and family

A measure of work/nonwork interference and enhancement

Bibliographic Data

ID19601065
AuthorsGwenith G Fisher (0000-0002-7063-0986, University of Michigan), Carrie A Bulger (0000-0003-4435-3361, Quinnipiac University), Carlla S Smith (Bowling Green State University)
Year2009
Volume14
Issue4
Pages441-456
Publication date2009-10-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Occupational Health Psychology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1076-8998 • E-ISSN: 1939-1307
PublisherAmerican Psychological Association (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1037/a0016737
PMID19839663
OpenAlexW2120582013
LanguageEN
Citations received57
References cited37

Though early research on the work/nonwork interface was broader in scope, most recent research has focused on the interface between work and family. There is a need for an inclusive, validated measure of work/nonwork interference and enhancement that is appropriate for all workers regardless of their marital or family life status. The authors report here on 3 studies in which they develop a theoretically grounded and empirically validated multidimensional, bidirectional measure of work/nonwork interference and enhancement. All scale items refer to work/nonwork, whereas previous measures have mixed work/family and work/nonwork items or emphasize family roles in the nonwork domain. Quantitative analysis of the scale items yielded 17 items to measure work interference with personal life, personal life interference with work, work enhancement of personal life, and personal life enhancement of work. Confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling results provide evidence for convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity for the scale from 2 large samples of workers (N = 540, N = 384) across multiple job types and organizations

Confirmatory factor analysis · Family life · Industrial and organizational psychology · Personal life · Sociology · Statistics · Structural equation modeling · Applied Psychology · Computer Science · Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior · Mathematics · Psychology · Social Psychology · Work-Family Balance Challenges · Workaholism, burnout, and well-being

  • Life satisfaction and job and personal resources among public workers with non-standard work schedules

    Open Access•Jennifer M Cavallari, Sierra M Trudel et al.•BMC Public Health•2024

  • Impacts of changing work from home patterns on health behaviours and obesity

    Open Access•Auriba Raza, Paraskevi Peristera et al.•BMC Public Health•2025

  • Differential Relationships Between Work-Life Interface Constructs and Intention to Stay in or Leave the Profession

    Open Access•Farimah Hakemzadeh, James Chowhan et al.•Psychological Reports•2022

  • The jingle-jangle of work–nonwork balance

    Wendy J Casper, Hoda Vaziri et al.•Journal of Applied Psychology•2018

  • Work-life balance predicted work ability two years later

    Open Access•Erik Berglund, Ingrid Anderzén et al.•BMC Public Health•2021

  • Do Technologies Damage Our Personal Life? The Association of Technostress and Work-Life Fit for Employees’ Psychological Well-Being

    Open Access•Rossella Bottaro, Katya DeGiovanni et al.•Psychological Reports•2025

  • Does work-personal life interference predict turnover among male and female managers, and do depressive symptoms mediate the association? A longitudinal study based on a Swedish cohort

    Open Access•Anja Nyberg, Paraskevi Peristera et al.•BMC Public Health•2018

  • Improving office workers’ mental health and cognition

    Open Access•Carla F J Nooijen, Victoria Blom et al.•BMC Public Health•2019

  • Amharic version of the work-life balance scale

    Open Access•Wondu Teshome, Daniel Tefera et al.•BMC Psychology•2025

  • Investigating the Impact of Occupational Technostress and Psychological Restorativeness of Natural Spaces on Work Engagement and Work–Life Balance Satisfaction

    Open Access•Matteo Curcuruto, Siân Williams et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • The Role of Religiosity in Work-Life Balance

    Open Access•Salamiah Sari Dewi, Abd Madjid et al.•Budapest International Research…•2020

  • Analisis Pengaruh Kompensasi, Work life balance, Kesempatan Berkembang terhadap Employee Engagement Gen Y PT “X”

    Open Access•Wahyu Widyawati, Alfatih Manggabarani et al.•SALAM Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya…•2021

  • Keseimbangan Kehidupan Kerja, Dukungan Sosial, dan Kesejahteraan Subjektif pada Guru Sekolah Luar Biasa (SLB)

    Open Access•Muhammad Allex Martadinata, Nina Zulida Situmorang et al.•Psikologika Jurnal Pemikiran dan…•2020

  • Role-playing after 6 pm

    Open Access•Pengcheng Yang, Suchuan Zhang•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2025

  • Harmonizing work-life Equilibrium

    Open Access•Sharmila Devi Ramachandaran, Puspanathan Doraisingam et al.•Social Sciences & Humanities Open•2025

  • Organisational communication towards work-life balance in achieving working homeostatic at Joox Indonesia

    Open Access•Dewi Widowati, Vidya Alisya et al.•Jurnal Studi Komunikasi…•2023

  • Blurred boundaries

    Open Access•Filipa Sobral, Eva Dias-Oliveira et al.•Frontiers in Education•2025

  • Psychological wellbeing and perceived work intensification in Australian primary school teachers

    Open Access•Natasha M Loi, Jaimie Towner et al.•Teachers and Teaching•2026

  • University Teachers During the First Lockdown Due to Sars-CoV-2 in Italy

    Open Access•Oronzo Parlangeli, Paola Palmitesta et al.•Science and Engineering Ethics•2022

  • Can metacognition determine employee performance in the context of virtual workspace? An empirical investigation

    Open Access•Shilpa Jain, Aarushi Singh et al.•International Journal of…•2024

  • Love of Work or Love and Work

    Open Access•Renee Wiatt, María I Marshall et al.•Journal of Family and Economic…•2024

  • Satisfaction with one's job and working at home in the Covid‐19 pandemic

    Open Access•Stephen Wood, George Michaelides et al.•Applied Psychology•2023

  • The interrelation between digital competencies and Work-Life balance among academic Staff—Realization of SDG goals in the science sector

    Open Access•Michał Niewiadomski, Agata Niemczyk et al.•Quality & Quantity•2025

  • Too Much of a Good Thing? Telework Intensity and Workplace Experiences

    Open Access•Eline Moens, Louis Lippens et al.•Kyklos•2026

  • Impact of spousal work restrictions on expatriates' work life and overall life satisfaction

    Open Access•Pooja B Vijayakumar, Christopher J L Cunningham•International Journal of Psychology•2020

  • Work Intensification, Work–Life Conflict and Turnover Intentions in the Teaching Profession

    Open Access•Sarah Marie Nogues, Diane‐gabrielle Tremblay•Industrial Relations Journal•2025

  • Newcomer work-to-nonwork conflict to withdrawal via work-to-nonwork self-efficacy

    Open Access•Allison M Ellis, Talya N Bauer et al.•Journal of Vocational Behavior•2023

  • A whole-life perspective of sustainable careers

    Open Access•Andreas Hirschi, Rebekka S Steiner et al.•Journal of Vocational Behavior•2020

  • A Theoretical Development of the Gender Embodiment of Enrichment

    Open Access•Emma Hagqvist, Anja Nyberg et al.•Frontiers in Sociology•2021

  • Careless cultures

    Open Access•Mariana Pinho, Mo Ray et al.•Community Work & Family•2026

  • (Un)deserving of work-life balance? A cross country investigation of people’s attitudes towards work-life balance arrangements for parents and childfree employees

    Open Access•Silvia Filippi, Mara Yerkes et al.•Community Work & Family•2022

  • A meta‐analysis of the antecedents of work–family enrichment

    Open Access•Laurent M Lapierre, Yanhong Li et al.•Journal of Organizational Behavior•2017

  • Acting professional

    Open Access•Eric Luis Uhlmann, Emily Heaphy et al.•Journal of Organizational Behavior•2013

  • Keeping work and private life apart

    Open Access•Ines Spieler, Susanne Scheibe et al.•Journal of Organizational Behavior•2018

  • Work‐contingent self‐esteem

    Open Access•Lauren Kuykendall, Lydia Craig et al.•Journal of Organizational Behavior•2019

  • A good rest makes a caring doctor

    Open Access•Yu Zheng, Shu Yang et al.•Social Science & Medicine•2025

  • Work-life Balance Policies

    Caroline Downes, Eileen Koekemoer•Journal of Psychology in Africa•2012

  • Full-Time Employed and a Family Caregiver

    Open Access•Evanne Juratovac, Jaclene A Zauszniewski•Women s Health Issues•2014

  • Work from Home

    Open Access•Dodi Wirawan Irawanto, Khusnul Rofida Novianti et al.•Economies•2021

  • Work-Life Balance

    Open Access•M Joseph Sirgy, Dong‐jin Lee et al.•Applied Research in Quality of Life•2017

  • Disrespect at Work, Distress at Home

    Open Access•Lisa A Marchiondo, Gwenith G Fisher et al.•Work Aging and Retirement•2020

  • Zorunlu Şartlarda Tele Çalışmaya İlişkin Tutum ve İş Yaşam Dengesi Arasındaki İlişki Pandemi Süreci Örneği

    Open Access•Furkan Akcebe, Zehra Nuray Nişancı•Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi…•2024

  • Family‐supportive supervisor behaviors

    Open Access•Tori L Crain, Shalyn C Stevens•Journal of Organizational Behavior•2018

  • Managing work–life boundaries with information and communication technologies

    Open Access•Shiva Sayah•New Technology Work and Employment•2013

  • Moderating effect of leisure satisfaction on the relationship between work-life conflict and life satisfaction

    Mingjie Gao, Nanxi Yan et al.•Leisure Studies•2025

  • Bibliometric analysis on positive work–family interface

    Open Access•Mounika Mude, J Reeves Wesley•International Journal of…•2024

  • Work–nonwork conflict and burnout

    Open Access•Corinna Reichl, Michael P Leiter et al.•Human Relations•2014

  • Challenge and hindrance stressors and wellbeing-based work–nonwork interference

    Open Access•Stephen J Wood, Stephen Wood et al.•Human Relations•2016

  • Changing trends in daily scheduling patterns of Korean mothers and subjective well-being

    Open Access•Ha Young Choi, Hanjin Bae et al.•Time & Society•2026

  • How Does Work-Life Conflict Influence Wellbeing Outcomes? A Test of a Mediating Mechanism Using Data from 33 European Countries

    Open Access•M Joseph Sirgy, Mohsen Joshanloo et al.•Applied Research in Quality of Life•2025

  • Can You Have It All? How Employees' Whole‐Life Perspective Relates to Role Performance Evaluations

    Open Access•Rebekka S Steiner, Nicola Von Allmen et al.•Journal of Organizational Behavior•2026

  • A Longitudinal Multilevel Analysis of the Reciprocal Associations Between Work-Life Conflict and Subjective Wellbeing

    Open Access•Grace B Yu, Mohsen Joshanloo et al.•Applied Research in Quality of Life•2025

  • What Do People Do to Achieve Work-Life Balance? A Formative Conceptualization to Help Develop a Metric for Large-Scale Quality-of-Life Surveys

    Open Access•Dong‐jin Lee, Dong-Jin Lee et al.•Social Indicators Research•2018

  • Managerialism in UK business schools

    Dermot Mccarthy, Mina Dragouni•Studies in Higher Education•2021

  • Integrating health-life balance, job satisfaction and family-work interference among housemaids

    Open Access•Sheeja Krishnakumar•International Social Science…•2024

  • Perceived Discrimination and Work-to-Life Conflict Among Workers in the United States

    Open Access•Krista Lynn Minnotte•Sociological Quarterly•2012

  • Job Strain, Workplace Discrimination, and Hypertension Among Older Workers

    Open Access•Briana Mezuk, Kiarri N Kershaw et al.•Race and Social Problems•2011

  • The fertility of American women

    Wilson H Grabill•The fertility of American women•1958

  • A review of research methods in IO/OB work-family research.

    Wendy J Casper, Lillian T Eby et al.•Journal of Applied Psychology•2007

  • Issues and Strategies for Reducing the Length of Self‐report Scales

    Open Access•Jeffrey M Stanton, Evan F Sinar et al.•Personnel Psychology•2002

  • Stress

    Susan Folkman•Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine•2013

  • Common method biases in behavioral research

    Philip M Podsakoff, Scott B Mackenzie et al.•Journal of Applied Psychology•2003

  • Constructing validity

    Lesley A Clark, Lee Anna Clark et al.•Psychological Assessment•1995

  • Structural Equations with Latent Variables

    Open Access•K A Bollen•Structural Equations with Latent…•1989

  • A General Measure of Work Stress

    Open Access•Jeffrey M Stanton, William K Balzer et al.•Educational and Psychological…•2001

  • Work-Family Conflict

    Gina M Bellavia, Michael K Frone•Handbook of Work Stress•2005

  • Work-family balance

    Michael R Frone•Handbook of occupational health…•2003

  • Work-Life Balance

    Fiona Jones, Ronald J Burke et al.•Work-Life Balance•2013

  • Work, Family, and Community

    Patricia Voydanoff•Work, Family, and Community•2014

  • How work and family can facilitate each other

    Elianne F Van Steenbergen, Naomi Ellemers et al.•Journal of Occupational Health…•2007

  • Development and validation of a multidimensional scale of perceived work-family positive spillover

    Ginger C Hanson, Leslie B Hammer et al.•Journal of Occupational Health…•2006

  • Convergence between measures of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict

    Open Access•Jessica Mesmer-Magnus, Jessica R Mesmer-Magnus et al.•Journal of Vocational Behavior•2004

  • Considering the role of personality in the work–family experience

    Open Access•Julie Holliday Wayne, Nicholas Musisca et al.•Journal of Vocational Behavior•2003

  • Construction and Initial Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of Work–Family Conflict

    Open Access•Dawn S Carlson, K Michele Kacmar et al.•Journal of Vocational Behavior•2000

  • Measuring the positive side of the work–family interface

    Open Access•Dawn S Carlson, K Michele Kacmar et al.•Journal of Vocational Behavior•2005

  • Why do people say nasty things about self‐reports

    Open Access•George S Howard•Journal of Organizational Behavior•1994

  • Method bias

    Open Access•Neal Schmitt•Journal of Organizational Behavior•1994

  • Using self‐report questionnaires in OB research

    Open Access•Paul E Spector•Journal of Organizational Behavior•1994

  • Nonwork Participation and Work Attitudes

    Open Access•Catherine Kirchmeyer•Human Relations•1992

  • Work-Family Backlash

    Open Access•M B Young•The Annals of the American…•1999

  • Multiple Roles and Role Strain

    Stephen R Mark, Stephen R Marks•American Sociological Review•1977

  • The Work‐Family Interface

    Open Access•Maribeth C Clarke, Laura C Koch et al.•Family and Consumer Sciences…•2004

  • Toward a Theory of Role Accumulation

    Sam D Sieber•American Sociological Review•1974

  • Toward a Conceptualization of Perceived Work-Family Fit and Balance

    Open Access•Patricia Voydanoff•Journal of Marriage and the Family•2005

  • Social Integration, Work-Family Conflict and Facilitation, and Job and Marital Quality

    Open Access•Patricia Voydanoff•Journal of Marriage and the Family•2005

Unique citing works57
Citations per year3,8
Citation span2011 - 2026 (16)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 57

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae