Human milk immune factors, maternal nutritional status, and infant sex: The INSPIRE study
Dados Bibliográficos
| AUTOR(ES) | |
|---|---|
| AFILIAÇÃO(ÕES) | University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Washington State University Pullman, Department of Women and Children's Health King's College London London UK, MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Fajara Gambia, University of Idaho, Department of Anthropology Hawassa University Hawassa Ethiopia, Department of Human Nutrition Egerton University Nakuru Kenya, Faculty of Medicine Lund University Lund Sweden, University of Ghana, Complutense University, Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA‐CSIC) Villaviciosa Spain, Nutrition Research Institute Lima Peru, University of California, San Diego |
| ANO | Não informado |
| TIPO | Artigo |
| DOI | 10.1002/ajhb.23943 |
| CITAÇÕES | 2 |
| ADICIONADO EM | 2025-08-18 |
Resumo
ObjectivesBreastfeeding is an energetically costly and intense form of human parental investment, providing sole‐source nutrition in early infancy and bioactive components, including immune factors. Given the energetic cost of lactation, milk factors may be subject to tradeoffs, and variation in concentrations have been explored utilizing the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis. As human milk immune factors are critical to developing immune system and protect infants against pathogens, we tested whether concentrations of milk immune factors (IgA, IgM, IgG, EGF, TGFβ2, and IL‐10) vary in response to infant sex and maternal condition (proxied by maternal diet diversity [DD] and body mass index [BMI]) as posited in the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis and consider the application of the hypothesis to milk composition.MethodsWe analyzed concentrations of immune factors in 358 milk samples collected from women residing in 10 international sites using linear mixed‐effects models to test for an interaction between maternal condition, including population as a random effect and infant age and maternal age as fixed effects.ResultsIgG concentrations were significantly lower in milk produced by women consuming diets with low diversity with male infants than those with female infants. No other significant associations were identified.ConclusionsIgG concentrations were related to infant sex and maternal diet diversity, providing minimal support for the hypothesis. Given the lack of associations across other select immune factors, results suggest that the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis may not be broadly applied to human milk immune factors as a measure of maternal investment, which are likely buffered against perturbations in maternal condition.