The poverty of ethical AI

Impact sourcing and AI supply chains

Dados Bibliográficos

ID20397201
AutoresJanine Muldoon (0000-0003-3307-1318, University of Essex, autor correspondente), Callum Cant (0000-0002-7729-900X, University of Essex), M Graham (0000-0001-8370-9848, University of Oxford), Funda Ustek Spilda (University of Oxford)
Ano2025
Volume40
Fascículo2
Páginas529-543
Data de publicação2025-02-01
Peer ReviewedSim
Open AccessSim
TipoARTICLE
PeriódicoAI & Society (JOURNAL)
Identificadores do periódicoISSN: 0951-5666 • E-ISSN: 1435-5655
EditoraSpringer Science and Business Media LLC (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1007/s00146-023-01824-9
OpenAlexW4389991121
IdiomaEN
Citações recebidas23
Referências citadas30

Impact sourcing is the practice of employing socio-economically disadvantaged individuals at business process outsourcing centres to reduce poverty and create secure jobs. One of the pioneers of impact sourcing is Sama, a training-data company that focuses on annotating data for artificial intelligence (AI) systems and claims to support an ethical AI supply chain through its business operations. Drawing on fieldwork undertaken at three of Sama’s East African delivery centres in Kenya and Uganda and follow-up online interviews, this article interrogates Sama’s claims regarding the benefits of its impact sourcing model. Our analysis reveals alarming accounts of low wages, insecure work, a tightly disciplined labour management process, gender-based exploitation and harassment and a system designed to extract value from low-paid workers to produce profits for investors. We argue that competitive market-based dynamics generate a powerful force that pushes such companies towards limiting the actual social impact of their business model in favour of ensuring higher profit margins. This force can be resisted, but only through countervailing measures such as pressure from organised workers, civil society, or regulation. These findings have broad implications related to working conditions for low-wage data annotators across the sector and cast doubt on the ethical nature of AI products that rely on this form of AI data work

Business · Disadvantaged · Economic growth · Economics · Outsourcing · Poverty · Supply chain · Digital Economy and Work Transformation · Engineering · Ethics and Social Impacts of AI · Innovation and Socioeconomic Development · Marketing