Hopefully

WITH ONLY a few exceptions, such as then and why , English adverbs are categorized as content words that express referential meanings in both the physical and abstract worlds. Like nouns and verbs, they belong to the ‘open’ class of lexemes , in which new words can be created through processes that include compounding, derivation, and borrowing. From compounding come adverbs such as hopefully (formed from the noun hope and the adjective full , plus the suffix -ly ), and upstage (from the preposition up and the noun stage ). By derivation, adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding -ly (as in economical-ly, sufficient-ly , and final-ly ). As for borrowing from other languages, we have for example taken a range of expressions from Latin and used them as adverbs (as with ipso facto, ad nauseam , and ad infinitum )

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