The Spelling of German Short and Long Vowels before Single Consonants

In their sections dealing with the relationship between German spelling and German sounds, none of the three current dictionaries of prescribed German pronunciation recognizes the basic devices of the German spelling process for the spelling of short and long vowels before single consonants:' 1. Short vowels are spelled with a vowel letter followed by doubled consonant letters spelling a single consonant,2 e.g., Pappel, Krabbe, Ratte, Kladde, Flagge, Staffel, Flamme, Pfanne, Halle, Karre.3 2. Long vowels are spelled with a vowel letter followed by a single consonant letter spelling a single consonant, e.g., Stapel, Knabe, Rate, Lade, Frage, Tafel, Flame, Plane, Schale, Ware

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