‘Reformist’ powers and the crisis of the liberal international order
The cases of Brazil and Indonesia
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 21059627 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Clarissa Tabosa (0000-0002-5938-1894, Institute of International Relations Prague, corresponding author), Benjamin Fiala (Institute of International Relations Prague) |
| Year | 2026 |
| Pages | 1-21 |
| Publication date | 2026-06-24 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Third World Quarterly (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0143-6597 • E-ISSN: 1360-2241 |
| Publisher | Informa UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1080/01436597.2026.2683049 |
| OpenAlex | W7165738659 |
| Language | EN |
| References cited | 39 |
Through the lenses of the English School (ES) in international relations, the article explores the role of two major regional powers, Brazil and Indonesia, and how they navigate the normative crisis of the liberal international order (LIO) in the aftermath of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. We investigate the factors behind their ‘ideological neutrality’ regarding the conflict, reflecting also on how these countries act in the context of the LIO. We argue that this neutrality stems from a historical policy of non-alignment (NA) with the West, coupled with a desire to maintain interdependent relationships. Additionally, their position can be understood by their role within the LIO as neither status quo nor revisionist powers, but rather as reformist actors. We analyse how these countries position themselves within the LIO and the BRICS bloc, and how, in turn, these positions have significant geopolitical consequences for their regions and international relations as whole
Context (archaeology) · Geopolitics · Interdependence · International relations · Neutrality · Normative · Position (finance) · Status quo · Global Political and Social Dynamics · International Relations and Foreign Policy · International Relations in Latin America
Bandung, Global History, and International Law
Brazil between global recognition and neutrality over the Russian war against Ukraine
Inventing International Society
Culling the Masses
The Anarchical Society
Indonesia's foreign policy after Soeharto
Revisionism revisited
Let sleeping bears lie
Rising States and Distributive Justice
Active non-alignment, the sovereignty paradox and the Russia-Ukraine war
Bandung 60 years on
Beyond Bandung
After Liberal Hegemony
The Twilight of Pan-Americanism
Revising order or challenging the balance of military power? An alternative typology of revisionist and status-quo states
Redistribution and recognition
The revolt against the West
Idea-shift’
A phoenix rising? Gaza and a growing movement to realise a just and principle-based international order
Brazilian alliance perspectives
Status and Brazil’s role as a peace mediator - lessons of the foreign perceptions of the failed Tehran deal
Who Are the Norm Makers? The Asian-African Conference in Bandung and the Evolution of Norms
Norm Subsidiarity and Regional Orders
International Norm Dynamics and Political Change
The concept of a middle power in international relations
How Ideas Spread
Global International Relations (IR) and Regional Worlds
Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation
A Construção Social dos Princípios Conformadores e das Normas Programáticas de Política Externa Brasileira na Constituição Federal de 1988
The Alliance For or Against Progress? US-Brazilian Financial Relations in the Early 1960s
The Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas in 1945
Framing Processes and Social Movements
| Citation velocity | historical |
|---|---|
| Highly cited | No |