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This article explores the concept of "ethnographic refusal," referring to instances where subjects of ethnographic research actively resist or withhold participation. Ortner argues that such resistance should not be dismissed as mere obstruction but rather understood as a significant expression of agency and a critique of the power dynamics inherent in the ethnographic encounter. She examines various forms of refusal, from passive non-cooperation to open defiance, and analyzes their underlying motivations. Drawing on examples from different ethnographic contexts, Ortner suggests that refusal can be a way for marginalized groups to challenge dominant narratives, protect their cultural knowledge, or negotiate the terms of their representation. The article also considers the ethical and methodological implications of ethnographic refusal for researchers, urging them to reflect on their own positionality and the potential impact of their work on the communities they study. Ultimately, Ortner argues that attending to ethnographic refusal can lead to a more nuanced and ethically grounded understanding of the complexities of fieldwork and cross-cultural representation.

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