The effectiveness of the REALTM, a school-based, virtual reality-integrated social emotional learning intervention to promote mental health for early Malaysian adolescents
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The REALTM module was developed to impart social and emotional learning (SEL) skills to early Malaysian adolescents using virtual reality (VR) components at school within the local social and cultural dynamics. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention in improving 1) emotional regulation (ER) skills and 2) depression and anxiety in adolescents attending lower secondary schools in Malaysia. This randomized controlled trial study was conducted from February 2023 to November 2023. A total of 226 participants aged 13 and 14 years old from lower secondary school students were recruited from four secondary schools selected by multistage cluster sampling in Selangor, Malaysia. Data were collected across four-time points (T0: baseline, T1: immediate post-test, T2: three-month post-test, and T3: six-month post-test) via a locally translated and validated set of questionnaires, including The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) for the emotional regulation score, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depression scores and Beck Anxiety Inventory for anxiety scores. A repeated-measures ANCOVA was performed to evaluate the effect of the intervention versus the control group on emotional regulation scores, depression scores, as well as anxiety scores. A significant main effect of the group intervention was observed for emotional regulation (F (1, 223) = 20.05, p < 0.001), depression (F (1, 223) = 51.16, p < 0.001), and anxiety (F (1, 223) = 32.75, p < 0.001). The intervention group showed a sustained reduction for all domains compared to the control group, particularly at time T3. These findings reflect differences in outcomes between the intervention and control groups. This study showed that the REALTM intervention improved adolescents' emotional regulation skills and reduced their depression and anxiety scores. The program features a feasible school-based delivery using a socioculturally sensitive module integrated with VR components. This could facilitate adolescents’ learning engagement and resonate with their sociocultural context, making the skills relatable and attainable. • REALTM is a culturally adapted, school-based SEL intervention using virtual reality. • It significantly improved emotional regulation among early Malaysian adolescents. • Depression and anxiety levels were reduced and sustained at six-month follow-up. • The program incorporated CBT, SEL, and local cultural values for relevance. • REALTM is a feasible and engaging mental health prevention program for Malaysian adolescents
Anxiety · Beck Anxiety Inventory · Beck Depression Inventory · Cluster sampling · Mental health · Randomized controlled trial · Social emotional learning · Education Methods and Technologies · History of Computing Technologies · Space Technology and Applications
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